Myelin Sheath – a fatty substance that encases the axon of some cellsSerotoninFast responsePoor motor controlFRONTAL LOBESContains the…PARIETAL LOBEContains the…TEMPORAL LOBEOUTLINE – Chapter 3 (Mod 7, 8, 9)NEUROSCIENCE & BEHAVIOR1. Neurons and Neural communicationa. Neurons/neural impulsesb. Neural communicationc. Neurotransmitters 2. Nervous systema. Structure and functionb. Reflexes vs. Neural networks3. The Braina. Studying the brainb. Brain regions/functionc. Plasticityd. Hemispheric differences- Gazzaniga article/videoNEURONS: STRUCTURE- Dendrite - the ‘in-box’ it receives signals from- Cell body - basic cell functions - Axon - the ‘out-box’ (axon-away); sends signals to:o Other neuronso Effector cells (muscles)- Myelin Sheath – a fatty substance that encases the axon of some cellso Increases the speed of transmission- Terminal Vesicles (“axon terminals”) – store and eventually releases enzyme called “neurotransmitters”.The neurotransmitters are released into the synapse- Synapses – a small space between the axons of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell- Receptor Sites – locations on the dendrite of the next neuron; neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites and the whole process begins anewNEURONS: COMMUNICATIONHow do neurons communicate?1. How does information travel within a neuron?2. How is information passed from one neuron to the next?NEURONS: communication – WITHINACTION POTENTIAL1) All neurons have a resting state (-70 mv)Has more negative ions than positive ions2) Dendrite is stimulated Positive ions flow into the cell until…3) Threshold is reached (-65 mv) Action potential is triggered (all-or-nothing) because it is a little bit more positive than at resting state4) Wave moves down the axon – happens immediately5) Wave reaches the terminal vesiclesNEURONS: communication – BETWEEN5) Wave reaches the terminal vesicles6) Neurotransmitters (NTs) are released into the synapse7) NTs bind with receptors on dendrite of next neuron8) Process starts in the next cellNTs can: * Excite the next neuron * Inhibit the next neuronRefractory period- Brief period when the neuron is unable to fire againo Reuptake occurs: excess NTs are taken backfor reuse in the axon of the neuron to releasetheno Axon returns to resting state at -70 mvNEUROTRANSMITTERSAcetylcholine- Needed for movement, learning, and memory- Alzheimer’s patients have too little- Blocking acetylcholine causes paralysisEndorphins- Nature’s pain reliever- Eating chocolate, athletics, stressSerotonin- Affects mood, sleep, hunger, arousal- Low levels of serotonin causes depression and anxiety- Prozac increases serotonin levelsDopamine- Related to movement, learning, attention, emotiono Too much – schizophreniao Too little – Parkinson’s Disease- Hard to get a balance because if prescribed too much, causes schizophrenia, or not prescribed enough, causes Parkinson’sGABA- Eating, sleeping- Inhibitory, rather than excitatoryDRUGS - effect on neural communicationDrugs can have two effects:1. Agonists “the enhancer” – mimic the action of the NT- Binds a NT site (receptor site)- Blocks reuptake of NT (leaving more)- Counteracts enzymes that clean out synapses2. Antagonists “the blocker”– block the action of the NT- Blocks NT sties- Destroys NT (leaving less)- Decreases effectiveness of the NT__________________________________________NERVOUS SYSTEMTYPES OF NEURONS1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent)- From the body towards the brain- Specialized for different sensations2. Motor Neurons (Efferent)- From the brain back to the body3. Interneurons- Does the communication between sensory neurons and motor neuronsExample: Mosquito lands on your arm…..Sensory Neurons – body feels bug on arm, so sensoryneurons tell brain that there is something itch on yourarmMotor Neurons – brain tells body to swat the bug off your armCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMSPINAL CORD Certain emergency messages very fast responseQ: How?A: Reflexes: Skip the brain Info is fed up and down the spinal cord onlyo Fast responseo Poor motor controlEx. - Step on something in the middle of the night1. Draw back foot2. Feeling pain3. Identify roommate’s junk on floorCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBRAIN Connection between brain and behavior - What does what??????Early Theory:PHRENOLOGY- Does size matter?What is it?- Tried to relate behavior to bumps on the skull- If you have a lot of bumps, you have more of a certain trait/brain power- If you have small/little bumps, you have less of a certain traitProblems with Phrenology: - Shape of the brain and skull does not always match- It was difficult to falsify- Couldn’t see the brainCURRENT TECHNIQUES:NeuroimagingCAT scan- X-ray of your brain- Good to see the picture of the brain but not activityMRI- Bombard your brain with radio waves, which affects the naturally occurring magnetic field of your brain- Active areas produce different magnetic fields than inactive areasPET scan- Inject with radioactive glucose- Active area in the brain use the glucose, and “glow”BRAIN: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONRegion Associated BehaviorBRAINSTEM:medulla oblongataponsreticular formation-breathing, heart rate, etc.-pathway from spinal cord to higher brain-sleep/wake; arousalcerebellum “little brain”-coordination, movement, balancethalamus, hypothalamus -switchboards for the brainlimbic system:amygdala hippocampus -emotion -memoryCerebral Cortex -sensation, movement andall higher-order behaviorsBRAIN: CEREBRAL CORTEXFRONTAL LOBESFunctions: strategic behavior - helps to organize, plan, and strategize emotional behavioro Ex. Phinneus Gage Contains the…Motor Cortex Sends information out to the body Related to movementPARIETAL LOBE Contains the…Sensory Cortex Receives incoming information Related to sensation OCCIPITAL LOBE Functions: visionTEMPORAL LOBE Functions: auditory behavior language memoryBRAIN - WHAT DOES WHAT?Localization of functionReading a written word involves all of the following:1) retina2) optic nerve3) through diencephalon (LGN)4) visual cortex (parietal lobe)5) Temporal lobe6) Wernicke's Area (comprehension)7) Broca's Area (speaking)8) Motor Cortex9) Lungs, vocal cords, mouth, lips, etc.10) Auditory system becomes activatedprovides feedbackBRAIN FUNCTION:Hemispheric DifferencesLeft Hemisphere Right Hemisphere- logic- speech- analytical - emotion- music-
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