LearningLearning - A permanent change in behavior. There are three types, classical and operant conditioning, and observational learning. We learn through association, and we make connects between things, and become able to anticipate results.Habituation - When something happens, something else happens, it becomes habit for them to respond to it. Is a low level of learning, similar to adaptation to a certain stimulus.Associated Learning - Beyond habituation. A process by which we are able to connect actions and their outcomes. If someone didn’t do the homework, the next day they will do poorly on the quiz, which makes them do the homework assignment. Certain things occur together, outcomesbecome more predictable. Animals are able to predict the near future through associated learning. However, we have a greater ability to connect events to one another. We are capable of associating things, and we have the ability to reintroduce animals into the wild. We need to becareful of what we condition within people. Conditioning sees us associate two stimuli giving us the ability to predict future events. Operant is conditioning us learning through consequences that happen over and over again. We have the ability to learn from other’s actions and either replicate them or not.Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning - A type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and then anticipate events. Pavlov was the father of classical conditioning. When things become associated with one another, we begin to expect them. Trains you to respond in a different way, the subject is programmed to behave a certain way, and there is a predictability to these events.Behaviorism - Psychology should be an objective science that proves that we act the way we dowithout any kind of thought process. Our behavior is largely driven by action, not by thought. As science starts to evolve, we are able to prove that actions are a result of experiences.Pavlov - Thinks too much attention was paid to the mental aspects of behaviors. We don’t behave the way we do because of why we think, but rather because of experiences. His main area of study is digestion, and he won the nobel prize for physiology because of his studies withdogs and digestive habits. If he fed dogs, when would they drool. When he feeds the dogs, when the meet touches their tongues, they start to drool, which is important because he is studying digestion. At one point, his assistant walks in, but the dogs are already drooling even though no food has touched his tongue. Every time the footsteps come, they realize that food is coming. The dogs are starting to anticipate food by the footsteps, so he plays a noise before he feeds the dog. He is able to create a math equation based on this.Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - A stimulus that automatically and naturally triggers a response inthe organism. The unconditioned stimulus is the food because when it touches their tongue, they salivate.Unconditioned Response (UR) - The automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus, drooling is the UR.Neutral Stimulus (NS) - A stimulus that has no impact on behavior whatsoever, this was the ringing of the bell. US + NS = URConditioned Stimulus (CS) - By combining the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus, and eventually the organism associates the bell with the food. Every time there is food, they drool. Every time there is a bell, there is food so they drool. The bell is the conditioned stimulus,CS makes the CR. The neutral stimulus is always the same as the conditioned stimulus.Conditioned Response (CR) - Should be the same as the unconditioned response. The response by associating the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus. In this case it wasalso salivating.Acquisition - The initial stage of learning, when one begins to link the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus. The neutral stimulus does not cause a response, but it is the unconditioned stimulus. When acquisition begins to take place, we begin to connect the two together. We can make animals do almost anything that occurs naturally using classical conditioning. Higher Order Conditioning - Conditioning off of a conditioned response. Using the conditioned stimulus as the new unconditioned stimulus.Extinction - No matter how well we condition things, they have the ability to go extinct. If we stopringing the bell when we feed them, they begin to not associate the bell with food, and will no longer salivate to just the bell.Spontaneous Recovery - The reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response. If it goes away, it can sometimes come back.Generalization - Sometimes Pavlov can condition the dogs not ust to the bell, but also to any sound that sounds like the bell. You begin to respond to a similar but not exact same stimulus.Discrimination - The learned ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli.Predictability - The more the stimulus occurs, the more likely you are to pick up on it. It is not thought driven, but is rather a predictable response. Learning Helplessness (Seligmann) - Some dogs were trained that no matter how much they tryto escape, it doesn’t matter.John Watson - Does the little Albert experiment, where he makes Albert afraid of santa by kidnapping him and he has a beard. The baby does not know it is being tested, and has not builtup experience. He takes a rat, something most people are afraid of, and he introduces it to Albert, and he is not afraid. He startled the baby with a loud noise, and he cried. Eventually he cries when they bring the rat in, because he expects the noise with the rat. Classical conditioning does work on humans, but it must involve natural responses, we do not have a lot of natural reflexes.Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning - A response leads to a stimulus. Learning is the product of consequences. Strengthens or weakens responses people get based on the consequences of those responses.Respondent Behavior - What classical conditioning is based on. Stimulus then a response.Operant Behavior - A response leads to a stimulant, what operant conditioning is based on. You are operating the environment independently.Law of Effect (Thorndike) - We are more likely to do something again if we like the results. And if we don’t like the results we are not likely to do it again. They way we behave is a result of the consequences that we receive.B.F
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