QUIZ 1 sediments supply margins 1 Why is quartz one of the most abundant constituents of lithogenous 2 What is the Calcite Compensation Depth CCD The depth in the ocean where carbonate dissolution equals carbonate 3 Why are gas hydrate deposits abundant on submarine continental Organic marine sediments provide natural gas in which pressure is high and temperature is low 4 Why are the deep ocean basins covered with red clay deposits Clay dominates because of the near absence of lithogenous and bio genic 5 On the whole what is the most important mechanism of transporting continental margin lithogenous sediments particles Flowing water 6 You are on a research cruise and you leave Japan heading east At about 1500 kilometers east of Japan you encounter a large volcanic plateau Shatsky Rise that is covered with sediments You lower a piston core to sample the sediments and the wire indicator says 2500 meters of water depth What kind of sediment will the core likely contain 7 Most biogenic sediments consist of tiny shells called microfossils that are Carbonate ooze made of what two substances CaC03 and Si02 8 How are oozes different from abyssal clays Oozes are at least 30 biogeneous test material while abyssal clays are at least 70 fine clay sized particles from the continent 9 Why are gas hydrates important 50 sites world wide contain extensive gas hydrate deposits on the sea floor this could be huge energy source in the future QUIZ 2 1 Many of the unique properties of water such as cohesion and its reputation as a universal solvent come from its atomic structure What causes these properties Water molecules are electrically polarized 2 What is the unit that is equivalent to raising the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade Calorie 3 Why does ocean temperature change little from day to night High heat capacity absorbs solar energy quickly and releases it slowly 4 What does the principle of constant proportions tell us No matter the salinity of ocean water the ratios of major dissolved ions remains the same 5 How does the latent heat of evaporation and its equivalent the latent heat of condensation moderate climate By absorbing energy on evaporation and releasing it on condensation it keeps water cool when the air is hot and warm when the air is cool 6 Hydrothermal vents are considered both a source and sink for ocean salts How can one factor both add and take away salt As water interacts with hot rocks 7 How does water have such strong surface tension Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent molecules due to water s polarity thus giving it strong surface tension 8 Why are lakes like the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake so buoyant The water is hypersaline it has a high amount of dissolved solids making it extremely dense and buoyant 9 Water in the ocean combines with carbon dioxide to form a weak acid called carbonic acid But the ocean s pH is 8 1 on average which is slightly basic How is this so There is a natural buffer system 10 What processes decrease local salinity in the ocean Precipitation River runoff Sea ice melting Icebergs melting QUIZ 3 1 What causes most places on Earth to have seasons The spin axis is tilted 23 5 to the plane of the Earth s orbit causing solar radiation to vary in angle as the Earth revolves around the Sun 2 If you travel by airplane from New York to Paris approximately east to west across the Atlantic Ocean which way do you have to steer the airplane to arrive in at the Paris airport Slightly north of a direct line between airports 3 What causes the greenhouse effect Ch 6 Section Composition of the Atmosphere Sunlight is absorbed by the Earth s surface reradiated as infrared energy and absorbed by atmospheric gases 4 A non rotating Earth would have hemispheric air circulation cells Figure 6 7 but because of the Coriolis effect there are three cells in each hemisphere Figure 6 10 Suppose Earth rotated faster what would happen to the three wind belts 5 Why does the sun heat up the Earth unvevenly Ch 6 Section More wind belts Distribution of Solar Energy the tilt of Earth s rotational axis QUIZ 4 1 Why is ocean climate and the entirety of Earth for that matter divided into latitude parallel zones that become progressively colder from equator to pole The average solar radiation sunlight striking the surface declines from equator to poles latitude is temperate 2 Why is Florida in a tropical climate while Baja California at the same Ocean currents bring warm water up from the tropics to Florida but down from northern latitudes to Baja 3 Describe the difference between sea ice and icebergs including how they both are formed Sea ice forms directly from freezing sea water on ocean surface Icebergs pieces of a land based glacier that break away from that glacier 4 Tropical storms are categorized based on what criteria sustained wind speed 5 What conditions lead to the formation of tropical cyclones Tropical Depression 61 mph Tropical Storm 61 120 mph Tropical Cyclone 120 mph QUIZ 5 1 How can oceanographers measure surface currents from space Ekman transport current motion cause the ocean current to budge and the departure from normal sea level can be measured 2 The Ekman spiral affects the direction of near surface water movement If you lowered a current measuring device over the side of a ship in the northern hemisphere what would you observe As the instrument descended the current direction would move progressively to the right opposite direction and at greater depth it would move to the of the wind until it actually was going in the left 3 What causes downwelling Convergence of surface currents 4 What causes upwelling Upwelling occurs when the wind blows towards the equator Wind blows and causes the water to blow towards the equator The force of the wind makes the water turn west wards away from the cost 5 What is a western boundary current and how does it form As currents flow west under the trade winds they strike continental barriers The currents are then deflected mostly northward southward in the northern southern hemisphere Turn away from equator because of the Coriolis effect 6 How does an equatorial countercurrent form Between north and south equator currents in middle in opposite direction Both north and south are taking water to west INCLINE in ocean current gravity Water piled up by strong currents in west margin of ocean creates down hill grade for water to come back 7 What is a geostrophic current Ekman transport gravity moves water down
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