04 19 2013 iChapter 12 What are the 3 domains of life Bacteria Archaea Eukarya What marine organism represents the vast majority of the ocean s biomass Plankton Plankton are organisms that float Why is a copepod which can swim and propel itself through the water classified as plankton Because of its small size it cannot swim very fast or very far so currents determine its location Organisms that can photosynthesize and produce their own food are Organisms that only spend part of their life cycle as plankton are called what Autotrophic referred to as what Meroplankton What are nektobenthos A benthos living in or on the ocean floor that has the ability to swim or crawl through the water above the ocean floor What is the primary factor that limits life on the deep ocean floor There is a limited food supply Of Earth s total number of species why are the fewest in the marine pelagic realm The more variable the environment the more species that are generally present Since the ocean is has very uniform conditions new species are less common Why is the surface area to volume ratio important for phytoplankton sinking The larger the organism the higher the frictional resistance is from Why do most fish and marine mammals have the same torpedo like streamlined shape Minimizes the energy needed to move through water Most freshwater fish are hypertonic meaning their body cells contain more salt than the surrounding water Since osmosis should push water into their cells why don t they explode They excrete large volumes of dilute urine to reduce water amounts in their cells What is the primary difference between pelagic environment zones below the photic zone As depth increases so do the pressure What are the reasons the ocean has a smaller daily seasonal and annual temperature range than that experienced on land Oceans have higher heat capacity evaporation cools the water as well as mixing mechanisms waves currents tides What is the definition of eurythermal Species that are little affected by different temperatures so they can withstand large rapid changes in temperatures Freshwater fish are isotonic hypertonic or hypotonic relative to their environment Freshwater fish are hypertonic How does water pressure change with depth It increases 1kg per cm 2 with every 10m of water depth What is the euphotic zone From the surface down to where light still exists for photosynthesis 2 5 of marine environment What are the 4 biozones of the oceanic province Epipelagic surface to 200 meters Mesopelagic 200 to 1000 meters Bathypelagic 1000 to 4000 meters Abyssopelagic 4000 meters to below What is the subneritic province Extends from the shore towards the sea includes all water less than 200m deep The hadal zone What is the deepest zone of the suboceanic province Chapter 13 04 19 2013 What is biomass All marine life What is the difference between gross primary productivity and net primary productivity Gross total amount of organic carbon produced by photosynthesis Net Gross primary minus cellular respiration growth reproduction What are the two primary factors that control biologic productivity in the surface oceans Nutrients and sunlight What is the biological pump Removes material from euphotic zone to ocean floor Pumps CO2 and nutrients and concentrates them in the deep sea waters and sea floor sediments Why is upwelling such an important factor in creating areas of high biologic productivity Upwelling brings nutrient rich deep water to the surface where productivity is limited by the availability of nutrients Why are sessile plant like macroalgae attached to the ocean bottom only found in littoral and sub littoral environments They require light to reach the ocean bottom which only occurs in these two zones Oligotrphic Where does the sunlight penetrate deepest in the ocean In photosynthesis what two things must come together with light energy input to produce sugar and oxygen Carbon dioxide and water What influences ocean color Depends on the suspended solids including photosynthesis organisms What is responsible for the red tide phenomenon The flourishing of dinoflagellates They are so abundant that the water becomes discolored and takes on a red hue What are 3 basic categories of organism that exist within an ecosystem Producers consumers decomposers What is suspension feeding Also known as filter feeding filters water for plankton What is the gross ecological efficiency The ratio of energy passed on to the next level is divided by the energy received from below What is a food chain Sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred What is a food web A food chain that branches off What is a biomass pyramid Shows the energy transfer between levels As you go towards the top of the pyramid the biomass and number of organisms decrease What is meant by the term fisheries Fish caught in the ocean by commercial fishers What is a standing stock The mass in an ecosystem at a given time Explain maximum sustainable yield The maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly What is incidental catch or bycatch Marine organisms that are caught accidently by fishers Chapter 14 04 19 2013 What strategies or methods help an organism float They have adaptions to increase surface area Others produce oil to help maintain neutral buoyancy What are common characteristics or adaptions for a fish that lives a cruising lifestyle Red muscle tissue 25 50 meters diameter supplies the fish with greater amounts of oxygen much higher metabolism Lunate or Heterocercal fins What advantages does schooling behavior offer Ensures fertilization of eggs Allows smaller fish to feed in area with aggressive fish Protects fish from predators What are some of the common adaptions for deep water nekton Low metabolism rates Good sensory devices to find food Bioluminesce to see Large eyes Large sharp teeth Expandable bodies to accommodate large food items Hinged Jaws What is the purpose of a fish s swim bladder Fills with oxygen allows fish to achieve neutral buoyancy What is a general rule to help determine how fast a given fish can swim The larger the fish generally the faster it can swim Why is the ability to bioluminescence beneficial Searching for food Attracting prey Staking out territory Communication Escaping predators by blinding them Camouflaging What group of animals makes up the majority of the ocean s zooplankton biomass Copepods What are some examples of macroscopic zooplankton Krill cnidarians hydrozoan scyphozoan What
View Full Document
Unlocking...