Treating psychological disorders:-Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix pushed for gentler psychological practices-Today's therapies in two main categories: -psychotherapy: trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth -biomedical therapy: offers medication or other biological treatments-Half of all psychologists use the eclectic approach, or one that is a mix of several different therapies-Psychoanalysis: Frueds technique in free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient togain self insight -first form of therapy -aimed to bring patients' repressed or disowned feelings into conscious awareness -giving patients insight -mental blocks= resistance -transference: the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships -underlying theory not supported by science; few therapists left in this field-Psychodynamic therapy: derived from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, andthat seeks to enhance self insight -help ppl understand current symptoms -focus on themes across relationships -help reveal past relationship troubles as the origin of current issues-interpersonal psychotherapy: -12-16 sessions -helps provide insight with symptom relief as well -improving relationship skills-Humanistic therapies: -emphasized ppl's inherent potential for self-fulfillment -help ppl grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance -thought of as an insight therapy -promoting growth (NOT curing illness) is what this is centered around -taking immediate responsibilities for one's feelings and actions rather than uncovering hidden determinants -conscious thoughts more important than the unconscious -the present and future are more important than the past-Client-centered therapy: developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empatheticenvironment to facilitate client's growth -nondirective therapy -tries to refrain from directing client to certain insights -mirror the client -unconditional positive regard: caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude which Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness andself-acceptance-Behavior Therapies: doubt the healing power of self-awareness and assume the behaviors are the problems. View maladaptive symptoms as learnedbehaviors that can be replaced by constructive behaviors-Classical conditioning techniques -Mowrer and his therapy for bed-wetters -unlearning by learning a new condition that will reverse phobia -counterconditioning: uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors -exposure therapies: systematic desensitization (associates pleasant realized state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli) and virtual realityexposure (progressively exposes ppl to electronic stimulations of fears) that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid -Aversive conditioning: associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior (nausea drug in alcoholic drink for those who are alcohol dependent)-operant conditioning techniques -voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences -behavior modification -rewards/punishments for behaviors-Cognitive therapies: teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking, based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotionalreactions. Therapists work with clients on new constructive ways of thinking -Rational emotive behavior therapy: confrontational cognitive therapy (by Ellis) that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes andassumptions -ways of saying thinks to yourself in positive ways-Cognitive-Behavioral therapy: popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy -alter the way ppl act and think -behavioral change THEN cognitive change -emotion regulation-Group therapy: -saves therapists time -saves client money -offers social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills -shows that other ppl share similar problems -provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behavingTherapy Presumed Problem Therapy Aim Therapy Techniquepsychodynamic unconscious conflicts from childhoodexperiencesreduce anxiety through self-insight interpret patients' memories andfeelingsclient-centered barriers to self-understanding andself-acceptanceenable growth via unconditionalpositive regard, genuineness, andempathylisten actively and reflectbehavior dysfunctional behaviors relearn adaptive behaviors, extinguishproblem onesuse classical conditioning or operantconditioningcognitive negative, self defeating thinking promote healthier thinking and self-talk train people to dispute negativethoughts and attributionscognitive-behavioral self-harmful thoughts and behaviors promote healthier thinking andadaptive behaviorstrain ppl to counter self-harmfulthoughts and behaviorsgroup and family stressful relationships heal relationships develop understanding of family andsocial systems, explore roles, andimprove communication -Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): people imagine traumatic scenes while therapist watches eye movements supposedly unlockingcertain memories -psychopharmacology: study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior-antipsychotic drugs: drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe though disorder-anti-anxiety drugs: to control anxiety and agitation-antidepressant drugs: to treat depression and some anxiety disorders by altering the availability of neurotransmitters-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate or suppress brainactivity-psychosurgery: surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to try and change behavior-lobotamy: once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients when they cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controllingcenters of the inner