PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Perceptual Organization (continued)A.Depth Perception-Visual Clif-Perceiving depth from 2D images-Monocular cueII. Perceptual ConstancyIII. Hearing- Hearing/Frequency/Amplitude/ComplexityA. The Ear- Outer Ear-Eardrum-Middle Ear-Inner EarB.Sound Perception-Loudness-Pitch-LocalizationOutline of Current Lecture I. LearningII. Classical ConditioningA. Pavlovs Experiments1. Before Conditioning2. During Conditioning3. After ConditioningB. Processes of Classical Conditioning1. Acquisition2. Extinction3. Spontaneous Recovery4. Generalization and DiscriminationCurrent LectureI. Learning- We learn through associative learning. Some types of associative learning are Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Cognitive Learning.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Classical Conditioning:- Learning to associate one stimulus with another/ learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction.- Ivan Pavlov elucidated classical conditioning with his famous dog experiment. Hiswork provided a basis for later behaviorists like John WatsonA. Pavlov’s Experiments- While studying salvation in dogs, Pavlov found that salivation from eating food was eventually triggered by what should have been neutral stimuli such as: just seeing the food, seeing their food dish, seeing the person who brought the food, etc.1. Neutral stimulus: A stimulus which doesn’t trigger a response (neutral stimulus(NS) no response)Unconditioned stimulus and response: a stimulus which triggers a response naturally before/without any conditioning (Unconditioned stimulus (US)—thedog food Unconditioned Response (UCR)--dog salivates).2. During Conditioning: The bell/tone (NS) is repeatedly presented with the dog food (US). (NS+US=UCR)3. After Conditioning: The dog begins to salivate upon hearing the tone Neutral Stimulus becomes the Conditioned Stimulus. CS (Bell) CR (Salivates). The UR and CR are the same but triggered by diferent events.B. Processes of Classical Conditioning1. Acquisition: refers to the initial stage of learning/conditioning .- What gets acquired? The association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. How can we tell acquisition has occurred? The UR now gets triggered by a CS (drooling now gets triggered by a bell).- For the association to be acquired, the NS needs to repeatedly appear before the US.2. Extinction: refers to the diminishing of a CR. If the US stops appearing with the CS, the CR decreases. The strength of the CR grows with conditioning.3. Spontaneous Recovery: Following a rest period, presenting the tone alone might lead to a spontaneous recovery--? A return of the conditioned response (CR) despite a lack of further conditioning.4. Generalization and Discrimination- Generalization refers to the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered byrelated stimuli (condition to fear white rat, person who has generalization may fear anything small and white like cotton balls, or small bunnies)- Discrimination refers to the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli thus preventing
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