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UA PSY 101 - The Inner Brain and Its Functions
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PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous SystemII. Types of NeuronsA. Sensory, Motor, and InterneuronsB. The NervesIII. More Parts of the Nervous SystemA. Peripheral Nervous System consists ofIV. The Autonomic Nervous SystemA. Sympathetic and ParasympatheticV. The Central Nervous SystemA. Interneurons in the spineVI. The Endocrine SystemA. Hypothalamus, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroids, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas and Pituitary GlandsB. The body’s Endocrine message systemOutline of Current Lecture I. Monitoring Activity in the BrainA. EEG: electroencephalogramB. PET: positron emission tomographyC. MRI: magnetic resonance imagingD. fMRI:functional MRI II. Areas of the Brain and their functionsA. The brainstem (Medulla &Pons), Thalamus, Reticular Formation, CerebellumB. Limbic System- Hippocampus- Amygdala- HypothalamusIII. What the Cerebral Cortex lobes consist ofA. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex: - Frontal, - Parietal, - Occipital, - TemporalIV. The Motor and Sensory Strips A. Sensory functions of the cortexV. Plasticity: The Brain is flexibleVI. Our two hemispheresA. Left HemisphereB. Right HemisphereThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. Split- Brain Studies (Corpus Callosum)D. Split Visual FieldCurrent LectureI. Monitoring Activity in the Brain:A. EEG: An EEG is a recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface. It is useful when studying seizures and sleep.B. PET: The PET scan allows us to see what part of the brain is active by tracing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. C. MRI: An MRI makes images from signals produced by brain tissue after magnets align the spin of atoms. Uses bloodflow.D. fMRI: An fMRI reveals brain activity and function rather than structures. FunctionMRI compares successive MRI images taken a split second apart, and shows changes in the level of oxygen in bloodflow in the brain. (Spatial not temporal)II. Areas of the Brain and their FunctionsA. At the base of the brainstem is the medulla, the medulla controls the most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing. Above the medulla is the pons. The pons helps coordinate automatic and unconscious movements, like swallowing. The thalamus is the “sensory switchboard” or router. All sensory messages (except smell) are routed through the thalamus on the way to the cortex. The thalamus also sends messages from the cortex to the medulla and cerebellum. The Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem. It enables alertness(arousal) from coma to wide awake. It also filters incoming sensory information. The cerebellum helps coordinate voluntary movement such as playing a sport. The cerebellum has many other functions, including enabling nonverbal learning and memory.B. The Limbic System coordinates: emotions (like fear and aggression), basic drives (like sex and hunger), and the formation of episodic memories.- The Hippocampus processes conscious, episodic memories and works with the amygdala to form emotionally charged memories.- The Amygdala consists of two lime bean sized neural clusters that help process emotions (especially fear and aggression).- The Hypothalamus is below the thalamus and regulates body temperature and ensures adequate food and water intake (homeostasis), and is involved in sex drive. It also directs the endocrine system via messages to the pituitary gland.III. Cerebral Cortex, the lobes consist of: Outer grey “bark” structure that is wrinkled in order to create more surface area for 20+ billion neurons. Also contains inner white stuff- axons linking parts of the brain, and 180+ billion glial cells, which feed and protect neurons and assist neural transmission.A. The Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex:- Frontal Lobes: involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.- Parietal Lobes: include the sensory cortex- Occipital Lobes: include the visual areas. They receive visual information from the opposite visual field.- Temporal Lobes: include the auditory processing areasIV. Functions of the Brain: The Motor and Sensory Strips:- Output: Motor Cortex; left hemisphere section controls the right side of the body- Input: Sensory Cortex; left hemisphere section receives input from the body’s right side.A. Sensory functions of the cortex: The sensory strip deals with information from touch stimuli. The occipital lobe deals with visual information and auditory information is sent to the temporal lobe.V. Plasticity: The Brain is Flexible- If the brain is damaged, especially in the general association areas of the cortex, the brain does not repair damaged neurons but it can restore some functions. It can also form new connections, reassign existing networks, and insert new neurons, some grown from stem cells.VI. Our Two Hemispheres: The two hemispheres serve different functions. How do we know about these differences though?- Brain damage studies revealed many functions of the left hemisphere. - Brain scans and split brain studies show more about the functions of the two hemispheres, and how they coordinate with eachotherA. Left Hemisphere deals with: thoughts abd logic, details, Language (words anddefinitions), Linear and literal, Calculation, and Pieces and detailsB. Right Hemisphere deals with: Feelings and intuition, Big picture such as “forest” (rather than tree), Language (tone, inflection, and context), Inferences and associations, Perception, and Wholes including selfC. Split-Brain Studies: To end severe whole-brain seizures, some people have had surgery to cut their corpus callosum, a band of axons connectiong the hemispheres. Factors to keep in mind about separating the hemispheres:- Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body and is aware of the visual field on that opposite side.- Without the corpus callosum, the halves of the body and the halves of the visual field do not work together.- Only the left half of the brain has enough verbal ability to express its thoughts out loudD. Split Visual Field: Each hemisphere does NOT perceive what each eye sees. Instead it perceives the half of the view in front of you that goes with the halfof the body that is controlled by that


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UA PSY 101 - The Inner Brain and Its Functions

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