PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Basic Principle of sensation and perception- Sensation- PerceptionII. Making sense of the world:- Bottom up processing- Top down processing III.From the Sensory Organs to the Brain-ReceptionTransductionTransmissionIV.ThresholdsA.Absolute Threshold -Signal Detection Theory-SubliminalB.Difference Threshold-Weber’s LawOutline of Current Lecture I. Sensory AdaptationII. Perceptual SetIII. Context EffectsIV. Emotions and MotivationV. VisionA. Color/Hue and BrightnessB. The Eye- Photoreceptors: Rods and Cones- The Blind SpotC. Color Vision- Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three Color) Theory- Opponent Process TheoryD. Perceptual Organization- The Role of Perception: Figure Ground Perception- Grouping: How We Make Gestalts- Gestalt- Proximity, Continuity, and ClosureCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Sensory Adaptation- To detect novelty in our surroundings, our senses time out a constant stimulus (i.e. There’s a rock in your shoe that’s irritating you, but after a few minutes you don’t notice the rock anymore)II. Perceptual Set- Perceptual set is what we expect to see, which influences what we do see. Perceptual set is an example of top-down processing.III. Context Effects- Perception of size depends on context.IV. Emotion and Motivation.- Experiments show that: Destinations seem farther away when you’re tired. A target looks farther away when your crossbow is heavier. A hill looks steeper with a heavy backpack, or after sad music, or when walking alone. Also, something you desire looks closer.V. Vision- We encounter waves of electromagnetic radiation. Our eyes respond to someof these waves. Our brain turns these energy wave sensations into colors. A. Color/Hue and Brightness- We perceive the wavelength/ frequency of the electromagnetic waves as color, or hue. The longer the wave length, the lower the frequency (this tends to give off red-ish color).- We perceive the height/amplitude of these waves as the intensity or brightness. The larger the amplitude, the brighter the color.B. The Eye- Light from a candle passes through the cornea and the pupil, and gets focused and inverted by the lens. The light then lands on the retina, where it begins the process of transduction into neural impulses to be sent out through the optic nerve. The lens is not rigid, it ca perform accommodation.- Photoreceptors: Rods and Cones- When light reaches the back of the retina it triggers chemical changes in the receptor cells, called rods and cones. The rods and cones in turn sendmessages to ganglion and bipolar cells and on to the optic nerve.- Rods help us see the black and white actions in our peripheral view and inthe dark. Rods are about 20 times more common than cones, which help us see sharp colorful details in bright light.- The Blind Spot: There is an area of missing information in our field of vision known as the blind spot. This occurs because the eye has no receptor cells at the place where the optic nerve leaves the eye. C. Color Vision- Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three Color) Theory: According to this theory, there are three types of color receptor cones—red, green, and blue. All the colors we perceive are created by light waves stimulating combinations of these cones. - Opponent Process Theory: refers to the neural process of perceiving white as the opposite of perceiving black; similarly yellow vs. blue, and red vs. green are opponent processes.D. Perceptual Organization- We have perceptual process for enabling us to organize perceived colors and lines into objects. - The Role of Perception: Figure Ground Perception: - In most visual scenes, we pick out objects and figures standing out againsta background. - Grouping: How We Make Gestalts- Gestalt refers to a meaningful pattern/configuration, forming a “whole” that is more than the sum of its parts.- Three of the ways we group visual information into “wholes” are proximity (perceive things close together) continuity (we like to perceive things as smooth and continuous), and closure (we like to fill in