Freud's Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious:-psychodynamic theories: view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the important of childhood experiences-University of Vienna 1873-free association: method of exploring the unconscious in which the person realizes and says whatever comes to mind-Freud and followers studied psychoanalysis: theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts-unconscious: reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and feelings of which we are unawarePersonality Structure:-human personality arises from a conflict btw restraint and impulse and our efforts to resolve this conflict-id, ego, superego-id: strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, demanding immediate gratification-ego: seeks to gratify the id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure-around 4-5 years old the superego develops: voice of moral compass that forces ego to consider not only the real but the ideas and how we ought to behave-ego struggles to reconcile the id and superegoPersonality Development:-Personality forms during first few years-id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on specific things during psychosexual stages-erogenous zones: distinct pleasure-sensitive areas during certain times of development-children eventually cope with threatening feelings by repression and identifying with rival parent-identification: process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos-unresolved childhood conflicts resurfaced during adulthoodStage FocusOral (0-18 mo) mouth-sucking, biting, chewingAnal (18-36) bowel and bladder elimination, coping with demands for controlPhallic (3-6 yr) genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelingsLatency (6-puberty) dormant sexual feelingsGenital (puberty-on) maturation of sexual interestsDefense Mechanisms:-inner war btw id and superego creates unfocused anxiety subconsciously-ego protects itself with defense mechanisms: methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality-repression underlies all other defense mechanismsdefense mechanism Process to avoid anxiety exampleregression retreating to infantile psychosexual stage sucking thumbreaction formation switching unacceptable impulses into opposites repressing anger by being overly friendlyprojection attributing feelings onto others "thief thinks everyone is a thief"rationalism offering self justification drinkers say they drink just to be socialdisplacement shifting impulse to diff object or person girl kicking dog after mom sends her to roomdenial refusing to believe painful realities partner denies affair evidenceThe Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists:-broke off from Freud… 1. placed more emphasis on conscious mind's role in interpreting experience and coping 2. doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming-Alfred Adler and Karen Horney; but believed childhood was social not sexual-collective unconscious: Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history-Karen Horney: penis envyAssessing Unconscious Processes:-Personality assessments to provide therapy-projective tests: personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics-Most widely used is Rorschach inkblot test-10 inkblots designed by Swiss psychiatrist-Rorschach no longer used because it is too ambiguous with not enough proof that it worksModern Unconscious Mind:-schemas-priming by stimuli -different brain hemispheric activities enabling split-brain-implicit memories-emotions that activate instantly without conscious recall-self-conceptAbraham Maslow's Self-Actualizing Person:-we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs-if our physiological needs are met then we become concerned with personal safety, then love, etc.-highest is self-actualization: motivation to fulfill one's potential-Studied healthy, happy and creative peopleCarl Rogers' Person-Centered Perspective:-people are good and endowed with self-actualizing tendencies-we are all primed for growth and fulfillment-3 conditions required for growth: 1. Genuineness 2. Acceptance 3. Empathy-self concept: all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves; who am i?Asessing Traits:-Personality Inventories: long questionnaires cove rig a wide range of feelings and behaviors -assess several traits at once-Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): assesses abnormal personality tendencies-empirically derived: test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate btw groups-Starke Hathaway= one of the MMPI creators-personality inventories are scored objectively-Big 5 Personality Factors: 1. concientiousness 2. agreeableness 3. Neuroticism 4. openness 5. extraversionpersonality theory key ppl assumptions personality view assessment methodspsychoanalytic Freud disorders come fromunconscious dynamicsid, ego, superego free association, projectivetests, dream analysispsychodynamic Adler,Horney,Jung unconscious and consciousminds interactthis interaction shapepersonalityprojective tests, therapyhumanistic Rogers, Maslow better to focus on healthy pplreaching self-actualizationif basic needs met, ppl go toS-Aquestionnaires, therapytrait Allport, Eysenck, McCrae,Costagenetic predisposes certaincharacteristicsbig 5 traits personality inventoriessocial-cognitive Bandura traits and social contextinteractcondition/observationsinteract to produce behaviorconsider past