PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Sensory AdaptationII. Perceptual SetIII. Context EffectsIV. Emotions and MotivationV. VisionA. Color/Hue and BrightnessB. The Eye- Photoreceptors: Rods and Cones- The Blind SpotC. Color Vision- Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three Color) Theory- Opponent Process TheoryD. Perceptual Organization- The Role of Perception: Figure Ground Perception- Grouping: How We Make Gestalts- Gestalt- Proximity, Continuity, and ClosureOutline of Current Lecture I. Perceptual Organization (continued)A.Depth Perception-Visual Cliff-Perceiving depth from 2D images-Monocular cueII. Perceptual ConstancyIII. Hearing- Hearing/Frequency/Amplitude/ComplexityA. The Ear- Outer Ear-Eardrum-Middle Ear-Inner EarB.Sound Perception-Loudness-PitchThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-LocalizationCurrent LectureI. Perceptual Organization (continued)A. Depth perception- Visual cliff: a test of depth perception→ depth perception is in part innate, ^ Even new-born animals fear the perceived cliff^ Human doesn’t fear of the depth until they start moving. - Perceiving depth from 2d imagesBinocular methods: using both eyes cues exist because humans have two eyes infront of our head. This gives us retinal disparity; the two eyes have slightly different views, and the more different the views are, the closer the object must be- Monocular cue: interposition: when an object appears to block the view of another, we assume that the blocking of the eyes, Relative size: interpret familiar objects (of known size) Linear perspective and Interposition, Relative height: higher objects tend to be farther away.II. Perceptual Constancy- Ability to see objects as appearing the same even under different lighting conditions, at different distances and angles - Perceptual constancy is a top-down process. e.g.: color and brightness constancyshape and size constancyIII. HearingHow do we take a sensation based on sound waves and turn it into perceptions of music, people, and actions, how we distinguish among thousands of pitches and voices- Hearing/audition: starting with sound- Frequency: Pitch: Length of the sound wave, perceived as high and low- Amplitude: Volume: height or intensity of sound wave, perceived as loud- Complexity: perceived as sound quality or resonanceA. The Ear- The outer ear collects sound and funnels it to the eardrum - Eardrum: tight membrane that vibrates with sound waves- The middle ear: sound waves hit the eardrum. 3 bones in the middle ear: hammer, anvil and stirrup- The inner ear: waves of fluid move from the oval window over the cochlea’s “hair” receptor cells. These cells sends signal the auditory nerves.B. Sound Perception- Loudness- Refers to more intense sound vibrations. This causes a greater number of hair cells to send signals to the brain- Soft sounds only activate certain hair cells; louder sounds move those hair cells and their neighbors- Pitch- Place theory: at high sound frequencies, signals are generate at different locations in the cochlea, depending on pitch. The brain reads pitch by reading thelocation where the signals are coming from- Frequency theory: at low sound frequencies, hair cells send signals at whatever rate the sound is received. - Localization- how we seem to know the location of the source of the sound- sounds usually reach one of our ears sooner, and with more clarity, wan they reach the other ear- the brain uses this difference to generate a perception of the direction the sound was coming
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