PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture I. Punishment- Positive Punishment- Negative PunishmentII. Biology Cognition and LearningA. Role of Biology1. Classical Conditioning2. Operant ConditioningB. Role of Cognitive Processes1. In Classical Conditioning2. In Operant Conditioning3. Latent LearningIII. Learning, Rewards, and MotivationA. Intrinsic MotivationB. Extrinsic MotivationIV. Learning by Observation- Observational Learning- Modeling- Mirror NeuronsA. Bandura’s ExperimentsB. Applications of observational learning1. Positive Observational Learning2. Negative Observational LearningOutline of Current Lecture I. Studying MemoryA. 3 behaviors show that memory is functioningB. How does memory work? An information-processing ModelII. Models of Memory FormationA. The Atkinson Shifron ModelB. Dual Track Processing: Explicit and Implicit MemoriesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. Automatic ProcessingIII. EncodingA. Sensory MemoryB. Capacity of Short Term and Working MemoryCurrent LectureI. Studying Memory- Studying memory refers to the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information and skills.A. 3 behaviors show that memory is functioning: - Recall is analogous to “fill in the blank” questions. You retrieve information previously learned and unconsciously stored- Recognition is a form of “multiple choice”. You identify which stimuli matched your stored information.- Relearning: is a measure of how much less work it takes you to learn informationyou had studied before. Even if you don’t recall having seen the information before.B. How does memory work? An information-processing Model- Encoding: The information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored- Storage: The information is held in a way that allows it to be retrieved- Retrieval: Reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded.II. Models of Memory FormationA. The Atkinson Shifron Model1. Stimuli are recorded by our sense and held briefly in sensory memory2. Some of this information is processed into short term memory and encoded through rehearsal3. Information then moves into long term memory where it can be retrieved later- Modifying this Model:^ More goes on in short term memory besides rehearsal; so it’s now called working memory^ Some information seems to go straight from sensory experience into long term memory, this is automatic processing.B. Dual Track Processing: Explicit and Implicit Memories- So far we’ve been talking about explicit memories. These are facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall. Our minds acquire this information through effortful processing. Explicit memories are formed through studying, rehearsing, thinking, processing, and then storing information in long term memory.- Some memories are formed without going through all the Atkinson-Shifron stages. These are implicit memories, the ones we are not fully aware of and thus don’t talk about. These memories are typically formed through automatic processing. Implicit memories are formed without our awareness that we are building a memory, and without rehearsal or other processing in working memory.C. Automatic Processing- Some experiences go directly to long term implicit memory. They are processed automatically into implicit memory, without any effortful/working memory processing:- Procedural memory, such as knowing how to ride a bike, and well-practiced knowledge such as word meanings- Conditioned associations, such as a smell that triggers thoughts of a favorite place- Information about space, such as being able to picture where things are after walking through a room- Information about time, such as retracing a sequence of events if you lost something- Information about frequency, such as thinking “I just noticed that this is the third texting driver I’ve passed today”III. EncodingA. Sensory Memory- Sensory memory refers to the immediate, very brief, recording of sensory information before its processed into short term, working, or long term memory.- We very briefly capture a sensory memory, analogous to an echo or an image of all sensations we take in.- Sensory memory consists of about 3 to 4 second echo, or a 1/20th of a second image.- Evidence of auditory sensory memory, called “echoic” memory, can occur after someone says, “ What did I just say?” Even if you weren’t paying attention, you can retrieve about the last eight words from echoic memory.B. Capacity of Short Term and Working Memory- If some information is selected from sensory memory to be sent to the short term memory, how much information can we hold there?- George Miller proposed that we can hold 7+/-2 information bits (i.e. strings of 5-9 letters)- More recent research suggests that the average person, free from distraction, can hold about: 7 digits, 6 letters, or 5 words- Working Memory Capacity, which uses rehearsal, focus, analysis, linking, and other processing has greater capacity than short-term memory. The capacity of working memory varies; some people have better