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UA PSY 101 - Encoding cont.
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PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Studying MemoryA. 3 behaviors show that memory is functioningB. How does memory work? An information-processing ModelII. Models of Memory FormationA. The Atkinson Shifron ModelB. Dual Track Processing: Explicit and Implicit MemoriesC. Automatic ProcessingIII. EncodingA. Sensory MemoryB. Capacity of Short Term and Working MemoryOutline of Current Lecture I. ((Still Under Encoding from last lecture))II. Encoding (continued from last lecture)A. (Sensory Memory covered in last lecture*)B. (Capacity of Short term and working memory covered in last lecture*)C. Effortful Processing Strategies1. Chunking2. MnemonicsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Hierarchies/Categories4. Rehearsal and Distribution PracticeD. Levels of ProcessingE. Making Information Personally MeaningfulIII. Memory Storage: Capacity and LocationA. Retaining Information in the Brain5. Explicit Memory Processing6. Implicit Memory ProcessingB. Emotions and MemoryC. Synaptic ChangesCurrent LectureI. ((Under Encoding from last Lecture))II. Encoding (Continued from last lecture)A. *B. *C. Effortful Processing Strategies1. Chunking: Organizing date into manageable units. Works better if we can assemble information into meaningful groups.2. Mnemonics: A memory trick that connects information to existing memory strengths such as imagery or structure.3. Hierarchies/Categories: We are more likely to recall a concept if we encode it in a hierarchy, a branching/mested set of categories and sub categories.4. Rehearsal and Distributed Practice:- Massed Practice refers to cramming information all at once which is ineffective. The Spacing effect is spacing the time you study (i.e. want to study for five hours, studying for one hour aday is more effective). The Testing effect says: if your distributed practice includes testing (having to answer questions about the material), you will lean more than if you merely reread material. D. Levels of Processing- When encoding information, we are more likely to retain it if we deeply process even a simple word list by focusing on the semantics (meaning) of the words.- Shallow unsuccessful processing refers to memorizing the appearance or sound of words.E. Making Information Personally Meaningful- The self-reference effect, relating material to ourselves aides memory.III. Memory Storage: Capacity and Location- Memories aren’t isolated files, but are in overlapping neural networks.- The brains long term memory storage doesn’t get full, it gets more elaborately rewired.- Parts of each memory can be distributed throughout the brain.A. Retaining Information in the Brain5. Explicit Memory Processing- Explicit memories include facts, stories, and meaning of words.- Retrieval and use of explicit memories, which is in part a working memory, is directed by the frontal lobes.- Encoding and storage of explicit memories is facilitated by the hippocampus. Events and facts are held there for a couple ofdays before consolidating, moving to other parts of the brain for long term storage.6. Implicit Memory Processing- Implicit memories include skills, procedures, and conditioned associations.- The cerebellum forms and stores our conditioned responses. We can store a phobic response even if we can’t recall how we acquired the fear.- The basil ganglia controls movement, and forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills. We can learn to ride a bicycle even if we can’t recall having the lesson.- Infantile Amnesia: Implicit memories from infancy can be retained; however explicit memories only go back to three years of age. (i.e. At the age of fifteen Tania is afraid of spiders, but she does not know why because she doesn’t have the explicit memory of when she was two and woke up with three biting her)B. Emotions and Memory- Strong emotions can strengthen memory formation.- Flashbulb memories refer to emotionally intense events that become “burned in” as a vivid seeming memory. Note: flashbulb memories are not as accurate as they feel.C. Synaptic Changes- With repetition \, the synapses undergo long-term potentiation; signals are sent across the synapse more


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UA PSY 101 - Encoding cont.

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