Treating psychological disorders Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix pushed for gentler psychological practices Today s therapies in two main categories psychotherapy trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth biomedical therapy offers medication or other biological treatments Half of all psychologists use the eclectic approach or one that is a mix of several different therapies Psychoanalysis Frueds technique in free association resistances dreams and transferences released previously repressed feelings allowing the patient to gain self insight first form of therapy giving patients insight mental blocks resistance aimed to bring patients repressed or disowned feelings into conscious awareness transference the patient s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships underlying theory not supported by science few therapists left in this field Psychodynamic therapy derived from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and that seeks to enhance self insight help ppl understand current symptoms focus on themes across relationships help reveal past relationship troubles as the origin of current issues interpersonal psychotherapy 12 16 sessions helps provide insight with symptom relief as well improving relationship skills Humanistic therapies emphasized ppl s inherent potential for self fulfillment help ppl grow in self awareness and self acceptance thought of as an insight therapy conscious thoughts more important than the unconscious the present and future are more important than the past environment to facilitate client s growth nondirective therapy tries to refrain from directing client to certain insights mirror the client self acceptance behaviors that can be replaced by constructive behaviors Classical conditioning techniques Mowrer and his therapy for bed wetters unlearning by learning a new condition that will reverse phobia operant conditioning techniques voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences behavior modification rewards punishments for behaviors promoting growth NOT curing illness is what this is centered around taking immediate responsibilities for one s feelings and actions rather than uncovering hidden determinants Client centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine accepting empathetic unconditional positive regard caring accepting nonjudgemental attitude which Rogers believed would help clients develop self awareness and Behavior Therapies doubt the healing power of self awareness and assume the behaviors are the problems View maladaptive symptoms as learned counterconditioning uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors exposure therapies systematic desensitization associates pleasant realized state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli and virtual reality exposure progressively exposes ppl to electronic stimulations of fears that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid Aversive conditioning associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior nausea drug in alcoholic drink for those who are alcohol dependent Cognitive therapies teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Therapists work with clients on new constructive ways of thinking Rational emotive behavior therapy confrontational cognitive therapy by Ellis that vigorously challenges people s illogical self defeating attitudes and Cognitive Behavioral therapy popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy assumptions ways of saying thinks to yourself in positive ways alter the way ppl act and think behavioral change THEN cognitive change emotion regulation Group therapy saves therapists time saves client money offers social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills shows that other ppl share similar problems provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving Therapy psychodynamic Presumed Problem Therapy Aim Therapy Technique unconscious conflicts from childhood reduce anxiety through self insight interpret patients memories and experiences feelings client centered barriers to self understanding and enable growth via unconditional listen actively and reflect self acceptance positive regard genuineness and empathy behavior cognitive dysfunctional behaviors relearn adaptive behaviors extinguish use classical conditioning or operant problem ones conditioning negative self defeating thinking promote healthier thinking and self talk train people to dispute negative cognitive behavioral self harmful thoughts and behaviors promote healthier thinking and train ppl to counter self harmful adaptive behaviors thoughts and behaviors group and family stressful relationships heal relationships thoughts and attributions develop understanding of family and social systems explore roles and improve communication Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing EMDR people imagine traumatic scenes while therapist watches eye movements supposedly unlocking certain memories psychopharmacology study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior antipsychotic drugs drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe though disorder anti anxiety drugs to control anxiety and agitation antidepressant drugs to treat depression and some anxiety disorders by altering the availability of neurotransmitters repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate or suppress brain psychosurgery surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to try and change behavior lobotamy once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients when they cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling activity centers of the inner brain