A P2 Exam 3 Lesson 10 Checklist Explain how blood pressure resistance impact blood flow Increase in blood pressure increases blood flow Increase in resistance decreases blood flow Explain how the mean arterial pressure is calculated MAP diastolic pressure 1 3 pulse pressure pulse pressure difference between systolic pressure diastolic pressure Describe how blood pressure is maintained by elastic arteries Arterial walls stretch during systole rebound during diastole they kept blood moving during diastole Explain which vessels provide the most resistance Arteriole the vessels with the smallest radius cause the largest resistance R 1 r 4 Explain the mechanisms in the venous system that assists the movement of blood back to the heart Muscular compression skeletal muscles around veins contract helping push blood towards the heart to overcome gravity for the lower half of the body the veins have valves to prevent the blood from moving backwards Respiratory pump when you inhale air is pulled into the lungs pressure in the pleural cavities is reduced this pulls blood into the inferior vena cava from the lower body when you exhale internal pressure rises air is forced out of the lungs which pushes venous blood into the right atrium Explain what happens at the capillaries Capillaries play a big role in homeostasis through diffusion filtration reabsorption across the walls Describe the diffusion routes taken by different molecules at capillaries Water ions small molecules glucose diffuse between adjacent endothelial cells or through fenestrated capillaries Some ions Na K Ca Cl diffuse through channels in plasma membranes Large water soluble compounds pass through fenestrated capillaries Lipids lipid soluble materials oxygen carbon dioxide diffuse through endothelial plasma membranes Plasma proteins cross endothelial lining in sinusoids Explain the difference between filtration reabsorption at the capillaries Filtration is driven by hydrostatic pressure where water small solutes forced through the capillary wall but larger solutes are left in the bloodstream movement OUT of the capillary Reabsorption is the result of osmotic pressure movement of fluid IN the capillary result of blood proteins that remain in capillary because they are too large to move across the wall Explain how you can determine if filtration is occurring or reabsorption Filtration is movement of water OUT of the capillary happens on the arteriole end reabsorption is movement of water INTO the capillary happens towards the venous end Describe how the net filtration pressure is calculated NFP CHP IHP BCOP ICOP What is the CHP BCOP IHP and ICOP CHP capillary hydrostatic pressure BCOP blood colloid osmotic pressure IHP interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure ICOP interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure Describe the factors that can affect tissue perfusion Cardiac output Peripheral resistance Blood pressure What are short term Which are long term Short term auto regulation neural mechanisms Long term endocrine mechanisms Describe the various local vasodilators vasoconstrictors Vasodilators act at the tissue level to accelerate blood flow through their tissue of origin Ex low pH nitric oxide oxygen levels elevated temperature chemicals released by inflammation Vasoconstrictors compounds that stimulate precapillary sphincters to constrict released by damaged tissues affect a single capillary bed Ex prostaglandins thromboxanes Explain the function of the baroreceptors Respond to changes in blood pressure Where are they located What are their functions Carotid sinuses maintain blood flow to brain Aortic sinuses monitor start of systemic circuit Right atrium monitors end of systemic circuit Describe the chemoreceptor reflexes Respond to changes in chemical composition I e pH dissolved gases oxygen and carbon dioxide Peripheral in carotid bodies aortic bodies monitor blood Central below medulla oblongata monitor cerebrospinal fluid control blood flow to the brain control respiratory function Describe the hormones that can affect blood pressure volume Antidiuretic hormone ADH elevates blood pressure reduces water loss at kidneys increasing blood volume Angiotensin II responds to fall in kidney blood pressure increases thirst cardiac output peripheral vasoconstriction Erythropoietin EPO responds to low blood pressure low oxygen content in blood stimulates RBC production Explain how the cardiovascular system responds to exercise Light exercise extensive vasodilation occurs increasing circulation venous return increases with muscle contractions cardiac output rises because of venous return atrial stretching Heavy exercise activates sympathetic nervous system cardiac output is increased to maximum 4x rest level restricts blood flow to nonessential organs digestive system redirects blow flow to skeletal muscles lungs heart blood supply to the brain is unaffected Describe how blood flow to the brain lungs are regulated Brain top priority has high oxygen demand when peripheral vessels constrict cerebral vessels dilate which normalizes blood flow Lungs regulated by oxygen levels IN the alveoli high blood vessels dilate low blood vessels constrict to shunt blood away from low oxygenated areas of the lungs Describe the age related changes to the heart blood vessels Heart reduced maximum cardiac output changes in nodal conducting cells reduced elasticity of cardiac skeleton progressive atherosclerosis replacement of damaged cardiac muscle cells by scar tissue Blood vessels arteries become less elastic pressure change can cause aneurysm calcium deposits on vessel walls stroke or infarction could occur thrombi can form at atherosclerotic plaques Lesson 11 Checklist Explain the function of the immune system To protect the body against infection and disease pathogens toxins abnormal cells cancer Explain the difference between nonspecific and specific defenses Nonspecific block attacks any potential infectious organism but can t distinguish 1 attack from another Specific involves lymphocytes that identify attack develop immunity against a specific pathogen Describe the arrangement of the lymphatic system its function Arrangement Lymph fluid similar to plasma Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system Lymphoid tissues lymphoid organs Lymphocytes phagocytes other immune system cells Function produce maintain distribute lymphocytes cells that detect problems travel into the infection injury Explain the difference
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