BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide You Should Be Able To Questions Lesson 5 6 Blood Describe the components of the cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system consists of Pump the heart Series of conducting hoses blood vessels Fluid medium blood What is the function of blood What does it transport Blood provides the body s cells a source of nutrients oxygen and a way of removing wastes Important Functions of Blood Transportation of dissolved substances Regulation of pH ions Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites o Clotting o WBCs Defense against toxins pathogens Stabilization of body temperature Blood transports Oxygen O2 to the peripheral tissues Carbon dioxide CO2 back to the lungs Nutrients from digestive tract adipose tissue or liver Hormones from endocrine glands target cells Wastes from tissue cells to the kidneys for excretion Describe the components of blood Blood consists of plasma formed elements Plasma 46 63 Formed Elements 37 54 Platelets 0 1 Plasma Proteins 7 Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen Other solutes 1 Organic nutrients Electrolytes Organic wastes Water 92 Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes 99 9 White Blood Cells Leukocytes 0 1 Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes 1 BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide You Should Be Able To Questions Describe the difference between the formed elements and the fluid component of blood Plasma the fluid component of blood is more than 90 water and carries plasma proteins other solutes Formed elements are the blood cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma What are the different formed elements How can you separate the formed elements from the fluid component Formed Elements Platelets Small membrane bound cell fragments that contain enzymes other substances important to clotting White Blood Cells Leukocytes Participate in the body s defense mechanisms Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes Specialized cells essential for the transport of oxygen in the blood The formed elements can be separated from the plasma through fractionation the process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis by centrifugation Describe the general characteristics of blood General Characteristics of Blood 38 C 100 4 F normal temperature High viscosity 5 times more viscous sticky than water o Viscosity caused by dissolved proteins formed elements Slightly alkaline basic pH 7 35 7 45 Describe the composition of blood plasma Plasma is made up of Water 92 Plasma proteins 7 o Large size globular shape o Remain trapped within the bloodstream o Synthesized mostly by the liver o Includes Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen Other solutes 1 o Organic nutrients o Electrolytes o Organic wastes 2 BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide You Should Be Able To Questions What is dissolved in blood plasma Proteins electrolytes clotting factors hormones and carbon dioxide are dissolved in blood plasma What are the different types of blood proteins in blood plasma What are their functions Where are most of them produced The different types of blood proteins in plasma are albumins globulins and fibrinogen 90 of the plasma proteins are produced by the liver Albumins Important for transporting fatty acids thyroid hormones some steroid hormones and other substances Globulins Transport small ions hormones and compounds that might otherwise be removed by the kidneys or that have very low solubility in water o Hormone binding Proteins o Metalloproteins o Apolipoproteins o Steroid binding Proteins Fibrinogen Functions in clotting Explain the difference between serum and plasma Serum lacks clotting proteins and Ca2 removed by clotting process and plasma contains proteins and other dissolved substances Explain the structure and function of red blood cells Red blood cells are small highly specialized discs that are thin in the middle and thicker at the edges Red blood cells function to transport oxygen nutrients throughout the body Why is the shape of the red blood cell important to its function The shape of a red blood cell Gives them a large surface area to volume ratio o Allows them to quickly absorb release oxygen Allows them to form stacks that smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels o Rouleaux formation o Stacks form dissociate repeatedly without affecting cells involved Enables red blood cells to bend flex when entering small capillaries o Can squeeze through capillaries as narrow as 4 m Explain why hemoglobin is important 3 BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide You Should Be Able To Questions Hemoglobin Hb is responsible for the cell s ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide its primary function Explain how red blood cells are recycled A typical red blood cell has a short lifespan approximately 120 days Plasma membrane ruptures o OR Damage is detected by phagocytes which engulf the red blood cell How is bilirubin produced Where is it processed Bilirubin is produced from biliverdin an organic compound with a green color that is produced when the heme unit of hemoglobin is stripped of its iron Bilirubin is an orange yellow pigment that is released into the bloodstream binds to albumin and is transported to the liver for excretion in bile What happens to the iron from hemoglobin Because large amounts of free iron is toxic to cells iron in the body is generally bound to transport or storage proteins Iron extracted from heme molecules may be o Bound and stored in a phagocyte cell o Released into the bloodstream where it binds to transferrin Absorbed by red blood cells developing in the red bone marrow to synthesize new hemoglobin molecules Excess transferrins are removed in the liver spleen Excess iron is stored in special protein iron complexes Ferretin Hemosiderin Describe the various disorders associated with blood Thalassemia Inability to produce enough hemoglobin subunits o Causes reduction of RBC production fragile short lived RBCs o Affects development and growth o If severe may require periodic blood transfusions or treatment by converting adult Hb fetal Hb with hydroxyurea or butyrate Sickle Cell Anemia Caused by mutation of an amino acids in beta chain of hemoglobin damaged o Low oxygen cause mutated Hb to alter RBC shape making it stiff easily o Change in shape also causes it to block narrow capillaries o Can be treated with the same methods used to treat thalassemia Hemoglobinuria Hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream 4 BSC2086 A P II Exam 2 Study Guide You Should Be Able To Questions Hematuria Whole red blood cells in
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