Guided Reading Q s GRQs Lesson 2 Structure Function of Macromolecules Chapter 2 1 List the molecular bond types Covalent Bonds share electrons 1 2 or 3 pairs can be VERY strong o Two Types Nonpolar covalent bonds electrons shared equally Example Carbon Hydrogen Polar covalent bonds electrons are not shared equally creating poles a slightly negative and slightly positive end Example Oxygen Ionics bonds electrons are not shared o Example of a molecule using these bonds Sodium Hydrogen bonds attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen from a polar molecule and a slightly negative atom from a different polar molecule o Properties of this kind of bond Weak between positive and negative o Example Between 2 H2O molecules 2 A In photosynthesis CO2 and H2O are the reactants What are the products Glucose and oxygen B Has matter been created or destroyed Not recreated or destroyed it just rearranged Chapter 3 1 1 A What is an organic compound Carbon based molecules They usually contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon B Which one of these is an organic compound Water Carbon dioxide Glucose 2 What does the word hydrophilic mean Water loving pertaining to polar or charges molecules or parts of molecules that are suitable in water 3 Think about making a necklace with small beads Use the necklace as an analogy to use the words macromolecule monomer polymer dehydration reaction and hydrolysis in sentences 3 of the main 4 classes of molecules carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids are called macromolecules Think of macromolecules as a beaded necklace Cells make their macromolecules by joining smaller molecules called polymers into chains The polymers in this process is just like each individual bead on the beaded necklace The material that each bead is made out of is just like monomers Monomers are the building blocks of polymers Cells link the monomers together to make polymers by a dehydration reaction Look at the dehydration reaction as the string that hold the beads all together that links everything to one another Hydrolysis is the digestive process that digests the polymers to make the monomers available to your cells I look at hydrolysis as the latch that opens and closes the necklace You are breaking it down to make the necklace available for you to wear 4 A Dr Hogan of European descent is lactose intolerant and must pop a few pills before eating her favorite chocolate ice cream What is she missing Enzymes B What is in those pills The enzyme lactase C Americans of what descent are most likely to be lactose intolerant 2 Asian Americans 90 African Americans and Native Americans 80 5 A The monomers of carbohydrates are Monosaccharides B Name a few from the reading Glucose Fructose C The use of sugars as both energy resources and organic building blocks clearly illustrates one of our five themes of life Energy and matter 6 Describe how two monosaccharides are joined and what forms when they are chemically joined 2 monosaccharides monomers are joined by a dehydration reaction One monomer gives up a hydroxyl group and the other gives up a hydrogen atom a disaccharide is formed 7 A How much sugar does the typical American consume daily 22 teaspoons B Yearly 26 bags a year C What correlation has the NHANES study made with increased sugar consumption They had a study with 11 733 participants over 15 years The data analysis showed that the participants who consumed more than 25 of their daily calories from added sugars were almost 3x as likely to die as a result of cardiovascular disease 8 A List and describe each of the four polysaccharides discussed in 3 7 3 Next to each describe if it is from a plant or animal Does it function as a storage or a structural polysaccharide Starch a storage polysaccharide in plants Starch molecules coil into a helical shape and may be unbranched or branched Glycogen animals store glucose in a polysaccharide Most of your glycogen is stored as granules in your liver and muscle cells Cellulose the most abundant organic compound on Earth It is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells Cellulose molecules are joined by hydrogen bonds forming cable like micro fibrils Chitin a structural polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build their exoskeleton It is also found in the cell walls of fungi 9 Most carbohydrates and biological molecules are hydrophilic What chemical property is shared by lipids They are hydrophobic Water fearing They do not mix well with water 10 A What are the monomers of a triglyceride fat molecule Glycerol and fatty acids B Make simple drawings cartoon like not chemical of a saturated triglyceride vs unsaturated triglyceride C Compare and contrast unsaturated and saturated fats in terms of structure and where they can be found 4 Saturated A fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds Most animal fats Their hydrocarbon chains the tails of their fatty acids lack double bonds and thus pack closely together making them solid at room temperature Unsaturated A fatty acid that has no double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain the fats of plants and fishes The kinks in their tails prevent them from packing tightly together Usually liquid at room temperature and are referred to as oils 11 A What is the main function of fats Energy storage B Why do plants use starch for energy storage whereas animals use fats For plants bulky storage from starch doesn t matter mobile animals humans can move around much easier carrying their food reserves in the form of fat 12 Module 3 9 is a Scientific Thinking Module in which you get to read about real studies and the data produced from them A What was the hypothesis of the experimental study described Trans fats adversely affect cardiovascular health B What are the limitations of this kind of experimental study in humans If the study continued to proceed without controlled feeding then participants could have heart attacks or other serious health issues diseases C What is the limitation of retrospective observational studies with humans and diet People may not accurately remember and report their dietary histories anyone who has already died ex heart attack is not included in the study D Was the Nurse s Health Study experimental or observational Observational E Retrospective or prospective Nurse s 5 Prospective F What were the results and conclusion For each 5 increase in energy consumed as saturated fat the relative risk rises to 1 17 which indicates a 17 increase
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