Chap 3 vocabulary 1 Polar covalent bonds covalent bond where one element is more electronegative than the other it is bonded to So electrons spend more time closer to the more electronegative element 2 polar molecule the overall charge is unevenly distributed in the molecule 3 cohesion water molecules stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding holding the water together 4 adhesion the clinging of water to cell walls by hydrogen bonds 5 surface tension a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid 6 kinetic energy the energy of motion 7 heat a measure of the matter s total kinetic energy 8 temperature a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecule 9 celsius scale scale where water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 10 Calorie the amount of heat it takes to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius 11 Kilocalorie quantity of heat required to raise 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree celsius 12 joule 0 239 calorie one calorie is 4 184 joule 13 specific heat the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost of a specific substance to raise or lower it by 1 degree celsius 14 Heat of vaporization quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from liquid to gas 15 Evaporative cooling as liquid evaporates the surface of the liquid that remains cools down 16 solution a liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture 17 Solvent the dissolving agent of a solution 18 Solute the substance that is disolved 19 Aqueous solution a solution where water is the solvent 20 Hydration shell the sphere of water molecules that surround each dissolved ion 21 Hydrophilic any substance that has an affinity for water 22 Colloid a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid 23 hydrophoboc substances that are nonionic and nonpolar and actually seem to repel water 24 Molecular mass the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule 25 mole an exact number of objects 6 02 x 10 to the 23 rd power avogadro s number 26 molarity the number of moles of solute per liter of solution 27 Hydrogen ion a hydrogen atom minus its electron charge 1 28 hydroxide ion the water molecule that has lost a proton charge 1 29 hydronium ion the lost proton binds to another water molecule H30 30 Acid a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution 31 Base a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution 32 PH the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration 33 buffer a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H and OH in a solution 34 Ocean acidification when co2 dissolves in seawater and forms carbonic acid which lowers the ocean pH
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