Lecture 5 - The First International System !Chronology!2000 BCE"" " Indo-Europeans arrive in Anatolia (modern Turkey) and Greece!1550-1069 BCE" Egyptian New Kingdom!1900-1400 BCE" Minoan Palatial Periods (Crete)!1600-1178 BCE" Hittite Era!!Lecture Questions What made the First International System different from earlier periods of interaction between civiliziations?!Do the Iliad and the Hebrew Bible (Christian Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh) fit into the general historical picture of this period?!What role!!The Eastern Mediterranean, Mid 2nd Millennium BCE interaction!•advanced and frequent trade routes!◦diplomacy between the kings of the civilizations!◦Egypt!•advancing their borders in their new kingdom!◦reached lower cataract of the Nile!◦increasingly frequent contact with the Hittite Kingdom!◦Indo-European Greeks!•!New Kingdom Egypt - The Ramesside Period (1292-1069 BCE) 19th and 20th dynasties, multiple pharaohs with name Ramesses!•Ramesses II (r. 1279-1213 BCE)!•most successful!◦fought battle of the Kadesh!◦pushed further north and south of the borders!◦fatherly productivity!◦wound up over 100 children!‣have various claims to the throne!‣monumental architectural buildings !◦Abu Simbel!‣later problems!•increasing power struggle with the priesthood!◦invasion of foreign people!◦environmental problems!◦flood failed them!‣famine towards the end of the kingdom!‣!The Hittites (ca. 1650-1200) Indo-Europeans in Anatolia!•there are other groups in Anatolia (modern Turkey)!◦most successful due to chariots and ironed weapons!◦Chariots/iron weapons!•reasons why this group have military advantage to everyone they fight against!◦Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom (1650-1380)!•dynastic problems prevented them from expanding their borders!◦New Kingdom/Empire (ca. 1380-1200)!•greatest successful against the Egyptians!◦unified Hittite kingdom !◦!Hittite Writing, Religion, and Kingship borrowed Hittite cuneiform script!•from Mesopotamia!◦Indo-European Religion!•have gods that controlled over the world!◦differentiation of generations of gods!◦Hittite Kingship and Religion!•"May the Tabarna, the king... the borders of [Hattusa]"!◦kings have close connection with the religion!◦king is managing the land in the protection of the gods!◦!The Minoan Palatial Periods (1900-1450 BCE) Minos' Island Empire!•Minos might be a king but not know for sure!◦Origins!•don't know much!◦start running DNA tests 3 years ago!◦they are from European !◦arrived on 5000 BC!◦palatial centers!•Palace at Knossos!◦very sizable!◦up to 1500 people!◦had primiative plumbing !◦palaces are linked together !◦Traders of the Aegean!•palaces linked for trading centers!◦trade with Egypt and Lebanon!◦!Minoan Writing, Politics, and Religion Cretan Hieroglyphic and Linear A!•similar situation in Egypt!◦have decipher any of them!◦Political Rule? Redistributive economy/workships!•happening in the palaces!◦international traders !◦producing goods at the palaces!◦naturalistic religion!•Snake Goddess/Priestess!◦female in charge of religion?!‣issue of bull-leaping!◦Minoan Bull-leaping fresco!‣don't know the meaning of the writing !•!Another Indo-European Intrusiondramatic change on Crete!•depiction of chariot!•intrusion of Indo-Europeans!◦change of script!•Linear A to Linear B!◦starting seeing horses and chariots depicted!•people had the technology that invaded them!◦!Mycenaean Greeks, 1600-1100 BCE Indo-European!•not the Classical Greek city-states!!•much earlier groups of states!◦see citadels across the greeks!◦citadels and minor kings!•!The Mycenaean Source Problem Limit of Linear B Documents!•long lists of trade goods, food storages, and list of people!◦usage of later greek sources, esp. Iliad and Odyssey (written 7th, 6th c. BCE)!•most of our evidence are from the later ages!◦historical representation and dangers of popular subject !•because it's so popular, people are searching the sites from the Iliad and Odyssey!◦using them so intently despite the lack of the historical truth!◦wind up with situation of mixup of source problems!◦example of Mask of Agamen!‣!International Conflict see the diplomacy!•fighting each other occasionally!•fine with taking weaker spots near them ◦an undercurrent of conflict!•Mycenaean Expansions!•military powerful nation taking over smaller and weaker ones!◦balance between equals!•Battle of Kadesh!•between Hittites vs Egyptians !◦battle of the equals !◦ca. 1275 BC!◦largest chariot battle!◦2500 chariots from each sides!◦Egyptians borrowed the chariots from the Hikos!◦both kings claimed the victory!◦peace treaty in the afterwards!◦not a significant victory!◦!International Diplomacy - Negotiating Between Equals Hittite-Egyptian Treaty !•Amarna (Akhetaten) Letters!•recall Akhenaten/Amenhotep IV!◦build to worship the Akhetaten!◦letters to the kings to the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean 14th century BC!◦international language of diplomacy!•Akkadian cuneiform!◦diplomatic requests!•asking for a number of different things!◦financial resources of some type !‣food!‣military aid!‣lots of gift exchanges!‣symbolic or financial purposes!•royal marriages!‣trying to establish alliance between two kingdoms!•!International Trade established trade routes!•Ulu Burrun shipwreck!•an official ship !◦demonstrated that people are closely connected!◦trading valued goods!◦enormous copper ingots!◦used to make bronze!‣used to make weapons!‣!The Ulu Burun Finds Mycenaean swords!•Canaanite glass ingots!•scarab of Queen Nefertiti!•Babylonaian cylinder seal!•represent from ten different places !•hippo and elephant tusks!•ostrich eggs!•cedar logs!•copper!•tin!•they are elite traders or ambassadors that did meet with high level Egyptian officials!•represent the complexity of trade!•think that the kings are very invovled in the trade as well as other kings of ancient civilizations •of the Eastern Mediterranean!!Iliad and Hebrew Bible as Texts of Late Bronze Age Interaction not written from the 2nd millennium BC!•written 500-700 years later !•how authors are interacting with neighboring people!•The Iliad!•decipts the trojan war!◦1200 BC!◦written around 7th century BC!◦long war tradition before that!◦important for people how to act in the