Lecture 4 - Papal Monarchy and the Crusades !!Key Terms The Crusader States (1099-1291)!•Salah al-Din (Saladin) (1137/8 - 1193)!•Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)!•Fourth Lateran Council (1215)!•Reconquista !•!Guiding Questions What factors produced the crusades?!•econ., demographic growth and emergence of papcy as leader of Latin Christians!◦How did the crusades impact relations between Latin Christendom and its neighbors?!•greater interconnectivity, via the Mediterranean!◦as well as deep-seated fear and hatred of Latin Christians ("Franks"), by Greek Orthodox, ◦Muslim populations !!What is a Crusade? cruces signati - "those signed by the cross"!•refers to the Red Cross as the crusaders seen on their tunics!◦railing signs for the crusaders!◦umbrella term by modern scholars of all the expeditions that established the crusades!◦pilgrimage: journey to a holy site, with spiritual benefits!•unarmed military expedition!◦Jerusalem and Rome sites associated with events in the Bible or Saints!◦tradition of non violent pilgrimage crusades emerged!◦knights to go on pilgrimage!◦crusaders talking about men of violence!◦good to go to confess sin or bad deeds!◦crusades: armed pilgrimage!•!Christian Holy War: Antecedents Heraclius I (r. 610-41) !•holy war vs Zoroastrian Persia!◦Christians think that they have struggle to non-Christians!◦so they think that god thinks they want to have war against the non-Christians!‣Byzantine-Arab warfare !•Muslim Sicily, al-Andalus!•people before the crusaders invaded were aware of a more or less frontier of Islamic and •Christian!cross border to religion develops!◦!Europe in 1095 patchwork of small kingdoms!•king or emperor don't have a lot of power !◦king doesn't participate in the crusades since he is excommunicated and conflict with the ◦pope!power is local and rural!•city is not the basis of political power!◦elites !•local lords, warriors!◦religious specialists!◦bishops !‣monks!‣priests !‣split between military and religious elites!◦!The Gregorian Reform Movement, 1075-1095 Ecclesiastical vs. political power!•view church funds and lands as theirs as well!◦elite families control monasteries !◦Pope Gregory VII (r. 1073-1085)!•most notable of the popes during this movement!◦believe and want to end elite families to control religion and churches !◦was not successful fighting against the pope !◦contest with German Emperor, Henry IV!•papacy gains in stature, influence!•at the end of the century, the stature has grown successfully !•papacy received more letters asking for advice!◦local matters that you write to the pope about !◦results in more respect for the papacy !◦makes the pope worth listening!◦pope doesn't control anything but he does have enough international influence that ◦becomes increasingly mandatory to listen to !!The Seljuk Empire, c. 1040-1120 Turks from central Asia -> contributing factor to the crusades!•large numbers of Turkish tribes migrate to Iraq and Iran!•by 1090 -> successful of conquering over Iraq and Iran!◦1070s -> invade into the Byzantine Empire!◦1071 -> reaches a turning point with the Battle of Manzikert (1071)!◦Byzantine Empire lost !‣!"The Black Day": Manzikert (1071) Byzantine civic elite vs. military aristocracy!•half of the Byzantine empire retreated and rebelled against the emperor!◦Byzantines did not realize how important the battle was and refused to cut a peace deal ◦with the Turks!Seljuk Turkish victory !•Loss of Anatolia (central Turkey)!•central bread basket and source of troops for the Byzantine !◦Eclipse of Byzantine power !•Turks are now close to Constantinople which is the capital of the Byzantine Empire!◦interrupted the communication in the empire!‣!The Byzantine Empire, ca. 1095 Turkish threat!•due to their short distance to their capital!◦Byzantine survival in question!•Emperor Alexios I Komnenos asks for aid from papacy, 1080s!•people make plans and set initiatives in motion and have no idea of the outcome!◦for help with the Turkish threat during the reform movement!◦!Urban II and the First Crusade Council of Clermont - March 21, 1095!•Urban II calls for campaign to save Byzantium!•opportunity to reform and part of the Christain duty!◦appealing to their conscience !◦warfare is an excuse for the knight to do their religious duty!◦Crusaders' battle cry: "Deus vult!" - "God wills it!"!•saying it exiting Clermont !◦successful cause he calls the aristocrat as the leaders rather than the emperors !◦expeditions from 1096!•!The First Crusade, 1095-1099 Pogroms, Rhineland!•German crusaders attacked the Jewish community!◦convert or death!◦Jewish communities paid the price and still end up being killed anyways!◦leaders of anti-Jewish massacres are local lords !◦the Jews were not allowed to hold land but hold in money making !◦intensified the division between Christians and non-Christians !◦Crusaders take Jerusalem, 1099!•storming the city!◦produced a massacre !◦knights of the first crusaders drew blood up to their horses' knees!‣killing Jews, Muslims, and eastern Christians !‣if you were in Jerusalem, you dead !‣saw this mass killing as their duty from God wills it defending Christians!‣beginning of the crusader states that exist for 200 years!◦king of Jerusalem is the iconic figure!◦Gen'l massacre of populace !•Foundation of K. of Jerusalem!•!The Crusader States, c. 1135 Outremer, "[the lands] Beyond the Sea"!•1135, the Crusader States at their extent !•replicate European sociopolitical order!•adopted the model of localized power !◦control rerrirotires through controlling castles and peasantries !◦Latin elite rules over a mixed Arab, Greek, Armenian, and Syrian population !•!The Military Orders warrior-monks!•run hospitals !◦have their own peasants and castles !◦revenue from land holdings and mercantile activities pay for their military activities and ◦hospitals!international to support fighting the Muslims !◦separated from their families due to their loyalty !◦defend Jerusalem and the Holy Land !•most important orders: Knights Templarand the Knights Hospitaller!•!How do Muslims react? initials response slow!•takes them a while to figure out how to figure out to fight the crusaders !◦mid 12th century -> power in Syria gained some success in gaining back some land from ◦the