Lecture 10 - The Roman Empire !Chronology 27 BCE - 68 CE" Julio-Claudian Dynasty!69-96 BCE" " Flavian Dynasty!96-192 CE" " The Good Emperors and Commodus!193-235 CE" " The Several Dynasty!235-284 CE" " Third Century Crisis!284-305 CE" " Reign of Diocletian, establishment of Tetrarchy!!Lecture Questions In what ways did Augustus utilize Republican traditions to establish the Principate?!Whatdo the Roman frontiers tell us concerning traditional Roman practices and viewpoints, as well as cultural borrowing on the part of both Romans and others?!What was the Third Century Crisis and what changes did it bring about in the Roman political structure?!!Roman Republic - Overview From Punic Wars to the Death of Marc Antony punic wars !•264 - 146 BCE!◦Rome vs. Phecians!◦1st -> Rome and Carthage fought over Sicily!◦2nd -> violation of peace treaty in Iberia (modern Spain)!◦conflict of Hannibal cross into the pennisula fighting the romans!‣romans sent an army in north africa to force Hannibal retreat to Carthage!‣last -> fall of Carthage to Rome - 146 BCE!◦significant date !‣Iberian Peninsula and Greece fall under Roman empire!‣result of empire!•cultural borrowing from Greeks as part of Romans!◦role of wars generating the landless class from the soldiers fighting so long that their land ◦is taken up by rich land owners for plantations!economic problem -> homeless soldiers can't play in the Roman economy!◦use landless poors in the advantage of the revolt!◦rise of the strong men!•Marius and Sula and Caesar and Pompey!◦using many respects of socioeconomic problems to their advantage!◦the civil wars !•Octavian defeating mark Antony!◦Donations of Alexandria -> land grants to his children from Antony to Celopatra which ◦enraged the Octavians!!Octavian and the Principate (30 BCE - 284 BCE) from Octavian to Augustus ("illustrious one")!•republic titles for an undercover emperor !•try to hide his powerful title!◦Princeps Senatus ("First Man of the Senate")!◦can put forward his own legistration and agenda for the day!‣bring up his own suggestions!‣Princeps Civitatis ("First Citizen")!◦show some humility !‣Tribune for life!◦Plebian office -> veto power !‣Augustus knew he can't take kingship because the Romans have aversion toward the ‣idea!can't be a dictator!‣took Tribune so he can have the power to veto others when people are trying to ‣overturn his decisions and rulings and run over the Senate!territories, armies, military colonies, and bread!•divided the Roman provinces between him and the Senates!◦chooses himself the provinces that are the recently conquered!‣Senates get the more established that last longer !‣did this because there would be Roman armies in the newer provinces due to the ‣need of military control!concern with the size of the army based on the civil war!◦nervous of the size of the army!‣broke up the army somewhat!‣does it to establish a roman footprint throughout the provinces!‣taken soldiers from the frontiers settling them in lands between the established •part of the Roman part !Romanizations of culture and politics!•take control of the grains !◦giving poor people food which established good will with the landless poor!‣!Setting the World Aright family values = Pater patria (recall paterfamilias)!•father of the country !◦giving security to the community as their father!◦Pontifex Maximus ("chief priest")!•title associated to the pope!◦re-establishment of Roman power abroad!•Romans lost their standards from the Parthians!◦set things back in order -> big deal to the Romans!‣!Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BCE - 68 BCE) did not provide a ___ program!•passed on the throne to his step-son which is Tiberius!•Tiberius!•things went well!◦Caligula -> screw up!•became the first Roman emperor to be assassinated !◦some the Senators wanted to restore the public !◦still have the Senate and have titles held by the emperor which is still the traditions of ‣the public!Cladius !•step into the throne after !◦things went reasonable well!◦Nero!•in love with the idea of being an artist -> great singer? -> no singing skill of what so ever!◦also famous for wanting to kill his mother -> failed in multiple attempts!◦due to the mother trying to control his extrencititeis!‣Nero successfully killed his mother!◦turned the Senate against him!◦chased down by a mob!◦too scared to commit suicide -> had someone to kill him!◦killed off his pregnant wife -> no heir!◦The Year of the Four Emperors -> civil war!◦!The Flavian Dynasty (69 - 96 CE) Vespasian -> hand throne to family members!•built colosseum under his reign!◦Titus -> died after a couple of years !•Domitian -> Titus's brother!•bad reputation with Roman authors!◦comes into major conflict with the Senators!◦autocratic in dealing with the Senate!◦assassinated in the end by the people sent by the Senate!◦!"Five Good Emperors" (96-180 CE) Nerva!•established Roman elite!◦see older successful elites adopted by the Roman emperor to succeed him !◦choosing better people to rule -> have the golden age of the emperor !◦Trajan!•Roman reach the greatest territorial extent (big size)!◦Hadrian!•great administrator!◦built Hadrians wall in England?!◦try to make improvements for effectiveness for established frontiers!◦Antoninus Pius!•Marcus Aurelius!•strangled out by his own son but eventually die by illness!◦!The Pax Romana (27 BCE to 180 CE) Roman peace •a deceitful name?!•there is continual conflict in the Roman world out in the east!◦no city walls in the Mediterranean!•there is peace around the Mediterranean!◦secure period that they don't need walls!◦Edward Gibbon on 2nd century Rome!•"If a man were called to fix the period in the historyo fhte world during which the condition ◦of the human race was most happy and prosperous, he would, without hestitation, name that whiche elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of Commodus..."!!The Roman Legions in the Early Empire numbers and make-up!•5000 men!◦messengers !◦medics!◦engineers (Roman legions)!◦architectural achievements built by the legions !‣flexibility (Roman legions)!•divisible into smaller units !◦ex. Centurion !‣80 to 100 men !•break off into different units for battle!‣auxiliaries !•non Romans !◦Roman allies that are fighting alongside with the Roman legions