Lecture 5 - The Mongols!!Key Terms Genghis Khan!•Golden Horde!•Ortaq!•Yuan Dynasty!•Sultanate of Delhi!•!Midterm 15 multiple choice questions - based on the key terms !•2 document IDs - based on the readings (block of text) from one of the primary source !•who !◦what !◦when !◦where!◦why / significance!◦4 choices for Document IDs: pick 2!•what to bring!•2 882-E Scantrons (the narrow, green version) !◦1 Blue Books, for document IDs!◦!Guiding Questions What factors allowed the Mongols to conquer much of Eurasia in only a few decades?!•military superiority, broader willingness to adopt skills, personnel, ideas from conquered ◦peoples (taxation; religion; weaponry)!What effect did the Mongol conquests have an Eurasian civilizations?!•the Mongol Empire's vast reach and interest in state-controlled commerce facilitated the ◦flow of goods, people across Eurasia !!Mongol Society fully nomadic!•pastoralists: sheep, cattle!•raising large herds of horses, sheep, and cattle !◦family clans!•basic unit !◦collection of 6-7-8 families connected through marriage and history !◦come together into a tribal confederacy during times of help!◦larger tribal confederacy in times of war!•alliance of families!◦!Mongol Warfare highly skilled horsemen!•horse archers, lancers!•large-scale coordination of cavalry!•move over in large distances quickly!◦give them advantage over the empires that rely on the peasant population for their military!◦use of borrowed technology: rockets, gunpowder!•good at adopting technology from their enemies!◦let them take over large walled cities!◦!Mongol Material Culture circular, felt-insulated; interior carpeted !•royal yurt: highest quality furnishings (Persian rugs, Chinese paintings)!•diplomacy: gift-based tribute!•!Yurts !The Mongol Confederacy 1206 - Chinggis Khan unifies all Mongols at tribal conference (kuriltai)!•Chinggis Khan as divinely-mandated conqueror!•be chosen by the sky diety that the sky god has given people to conquer people over the ◦earth!surrender or total destruction!•brutal force !◦heavy taxation!◦complete destruction of the cities when resisting!◦less interested in religious constitution compared to the Crusades!◦1207 - Mongolia from Northern China!•not absolutely unified between the different tribes!◦starts to weaken later in the 14th century due to the lack of unification!◦!The Mongols' Neighbors Tibetan Kingdom!•Song Dynasty China!•Liao (Khitan) !•!Chinggis Khan's Route to Power marriage alliances with other tribes (polygamy) !•easy to cement loyalty from other Mongol tribes!◦woman play importance for alliance within the Mongols!◦warriors join Mongol armies!•Mongol elite open to useful/courageous outsiders!•values: courage, honor, loyalty!•keen eye for talent and eye out for useful outsiders!•how they build up for power!◦everyone has their duty!•if you're useful for him, he's happy to accommodate you within the empire!◦!Conquests in Northern China Chinggis Khan conquers Xixia, Jin Dynasty (northern Chinese states)!•Chinese siege, gunpowder experts!•capital - Karakorum: tent city !•!Campaigns of the Mongols, c. 1221-1280 vast scale the the mongols are operating on!•started attacking the neighbors after Chinggis Khan died toward the sea!•attacking nearby dynasties and neighbors and sending out long distance expeditions toward •enemies across the field!shows how they are very eager to conquer over the world!•!The Mongols and the Islamic World Iran conquered, 1219-1221!•never gave the enemy a break!◦continued to pursue the Persian enemy until there is no empire left!◦keep going after and not wait for retreat !◦cities of central Asia: submission or total destruction !•pyramid of skulls for cities outside to resist!◦bad idea to defy the Mongols during this period !◦scholars, technicians: enlisted in Mongol service !•Baghdad, 1258!•famous example of Mongol brutality!◦army demands surrender!◦!The Mongols in Europe Russian principalities conquered, 1230s-40s!•destruction of Polish, German, Hungarian armies!•devastation of Hungary !•attack them since Hungary was providing assistance to the Russians !◦!◦!Mongol Invasion of Europe, 1237-42 keeps heading westward until they can't go forth anymore!•keeps pursuing their enemies until death or escape!•stopped invasion by the death of one of their leaders by their own politics and head back to •Mongolia !!Campaigns in East Asia conquest of Southern Song Dynasty, 1279!•attacks on Japan (1274, 1281)!•beat them by samurai by the battle on the beach!◦wind defeated the fleet by the kamikaze (the divine wind)!◦invasions of Burma (1273), Vietnam (1277)!•expedition to Indonesia (1293) !•start to depose and set up royal families elsewhere!◦may send diplomats toward the Mongol favorites on other places that they haven't directly ◦conquered yet!Mongols keep attacking neighboring people until they run out of steam!•momentum of the conquest keeps going!•!The 4 Mongol Khanates split into 4 khanates after the death of Chinggis Khan !•practical way to rule over vast amount of territories to keep track of what is going on!•!The Golden Horde (1240s-1500) rules of Russia, western steppe!•controlled northern routes on the Silk Road !•protection for Italian Muslim merchants!•!The Pax Mongolica, I: Commerce"mongol peace" - amount of internal stability !•able to travel over the empire without any fear of merchants and bad people!◦government protection of trade routes!•don't have to deal with more customs and tolls !◦more people are on the movement across Asia!◦more overland travelers to China!•Europe began to receive Chinese technology earlier !◦gunpowder!‣printing press!‣during the 13thcentury!‣Chinese goods, tech. -> to the West !•!Ortaqs state-run merchant guilds!•run by Muslim, Christian merchants!•tax collection, state-supervised internet'l exchange; caravan investors!•resented for corruption !•!The Pax Mongolia, II: Administration local arrangements left in place!•Mongols, Chinggis Khan's family: imperial elite !•heavy taxes, military services !•!The Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) Legal discrimination vs. ethnic Han Chinese!•new offices: censorial, secretariat !•capital: moved ot Beijing!•inherit Chinese postal system!•!The Mongols and Religion religious tolerance!•different approach