Lecture 1 - Intro & World around 1000 CE !slow transportation!•people move around by water -> sailing!◦farmers usually live near a sea port to ship their goods using transportation of water !◦transportation by land is difficult!◦usually only the elites use horses to transport through the land!‣peasants walk or stay in a place!‣people don't travel around much!◦!Hunter-Gatherers simple social, material conditions!•technologically and materially simple!◦they are not savages or backwards in civilization!◦their materials in society is simpler than the ones in the cities!◦scarce historical evidence !•barely any documentation !◦people are probably less oppressed than those living in strong states!◦hard to reconstruct stories of them in the past !◦arctic peoples, Australian aborigines!•live in the far north or far south!◦Russians or other civilizations probably enslave or domesticate over them due to viewpoint of •them lesser than human due to the way they live!!Pastoralists semi-nomadic !•people don't live them if they stay in one place since they conquer over them !◦associate with cattle !•mobility across large distances!•extremely mobile due to traveling horses!◦"speed demons" of the modern world!◦produce a leader that leads to large empires over night !◦ex. the Mongols!‣fraught relationship with farmers!•!Nomads and Agrarian Societies cultural "other" !•nomads seen as barbarians!•material and cultural borrowings!•!Nomads: Eurasia's Middlemen jeweled belt buckle!•seen as barbarian if wore it !◦sterrups!•developed in India or China !◦spread westward due to the middlemen like the huns !◦easier to control the horse so cattle is more important in Islamic and European warfare!◦!Steppe Horse Archers !Agrarian Societies land!•sustenance!◦production of food !‣wealth!◦create tax systems!‣surplus of crops goes to the tax men!•(political) power!◦key to control the land to get into politics!‣key to social mobility!◦regional staple crops!•have to produce excess amount of food to maintain wealth and sustenance!◦documentation!•produced the most documentation!◦since the tax men want to take the most surplus from!◦want to keep track of amount of land and how much the peasants will get!‣easiest to reconstruct due to the amount of documents !◦!Wet Rice cultivation in Asia stable crop!•!Rice cultivation in S. Asia essential basis for the communities!•matter of life or death for the Agrarian societies!•!Those who work the land... 4/5ths of Europe's population in c. 1000!•were peasants !◦landlords prevent the peasant workers to achieve independence!◦free, unfree tenant cultivators!•some peasants that are free own their own land and equipment which allow control to ◦what they want to grow!some of them are unfree !◦called serfs!‣no legal rights !‣landlord is in charge of justice !‣pretty much at the mercy of the landlords !•allow to execute peasants that are uprising!•landlord-leant relationships: vary by region!•not chained up like slaves!◦very dependent on their landlords!◦!...and those who profit from it bureaucratic elites!•in charge of the administration!◦in charge of documentation for tax charges !◦no military work!◦military (warrior) elites !•go kill peasants!◦ex. samurai !◦debate between keeping control of the military elites but not in sharing power !•!Gendered Division of Labor males!•agriculturalists!◦hunters!◦fighters!◦females!•child-rearing!◦domestic economy !◦weaving as a hobby!‣rare that women fight!◦household duties !◦marriage and inheritance !•control of female bodies !◦essential for women to maintain families and properties !◦preserving wealth !◦property stays in the family rather than out to other societies!‣due to this, women have a stricter lifestyle and tightly controlled!◦yes?? generally speaking for same gender roles across the three groups of societies!•mostly seen in the agrarian society!◦!Cities and Urban Life political/admin and ritual centers!•capitals due to the large population !◦cultural and religious exchange!•Kaifeng, China!•most populous city in the period !◦Baghdad, Iraq!•population composed of people of the Islamic lands !◦diplomatic missions and traders going into the city!◦isolated world of the country side!◦Córdoba, al-Andalus (Spain)!•!Kaifeng, China political and economic hub!•connection between the two rivers able for technological growth and urbanization !◦started as a political center then into an economic center !◦location on the Great Canal!•iron and steel production!•1,000,000 inhabitants !•!Córdoba, al-Andalus (Spain)!Umayyad Caliphate!•plumbing and street lighting!•one of the major urban centers of the period !◦cultural center!•calligraphic work !◦architecture detail of the palace!◦libraries and copyists!•translation and production of manuscripts