Lecture 9 - The Monarchy and Republic !Lecture Chronology !753 - 509 BCE" " Roman Monarchy!509 - 27 BCE" " Roman Republic!264 - 146 BCE" " Punic Wars!133, 122 BCE" " Agrarian reforms of the Gracchi!88 - 87 BCE" " Civil War between Marius and Sulla!60 - 53 BCE" " First Triumvirate!44 BCE" " " Julius Caesar assassinated!43 - 33 BCE" " Second Triumvirate!31 BCE" " " Battle of Actium!!Lecture Questions What factors played a role in Roman expansion?!How did Roman expansion lead to further problems during the late Republic?!What role did "strong men" play in the problems of the late Republic?!!The Mediterranean World (ca. 750 BCE) Rome's early village was established!•Greek city states -> expanded by the 8th century !•North Africa!◦Sicily!◦Greek Peninsula!◦competing the land against the Phinesians?!◦Carthage -> Pinesian colony!•note that Rome is between Etruria and Naples !•access with the coast with the Tigris river!◦!Roman Origins - A Diverse People? Aeneas (Virgil's Aeneid, 1st BCE)!•figure of the Trojan War (12th century BCE)!◦Rome emerged after this!◦ancestor of the Roman kings !◦Romulus and Remus (Livy's Roman History, 1st c. BCE)!•twins!◦story of finding the city!◦under threat of a medieval king -> set out infants to die!◦saved by she-wolf who nurtured them to adulthood!◦once grown up, they found the Rome city !◦Romulus killed Remus !◦Rome have no problem saying that they are immigrants or outsiders!•abduction of the Sabine women!•Roman men goes to the Sabine tribe !◦steal the women from the Sabine!◦women accept the fact that they are abducted that they are the first Roman wives!◦shows the mixing of outsiders from Rome!◦!Historical Rome trace huts from the hills!•Aventine Hill!◦Capitoline Hill!◦Caelian Hill!◦Esquiline Hill!◦Palatine Hill!◦Quirinal Hill!◦Viminal Hill!◦access to the Tiberis River !•fertile plains !◦had potential for agriculture!◦but not seen as a major city!◦!Important Neighbors Magna Gracie - "Great Greece"!•what Romans borrowed !◦religion!‣political systems and citizenship!‣literature (later)!‣etc.!‣Etruscans!•far more advanced than the Romans!◦what Romans borrowed!◦urban panning!‣divination (animal)!‣fasces!‣bundle of Reeds with an axe tied against it!•carried around by the Roman kings!•symbols!•kings ability to take a life -> capital punishment!◦unity of many people and things!◦borrowed during the modern times of Mussolini!•writing!‣borrowed from the Greeks - not deciphered yet!•proto-gladiatorial fighting!‣funerals of slaves fighting each other!•etc!‣outsiders!◦either from Greece or western Anatolia!‣!Roman Kingdom (753 - 509 BCE) 7 kings !•first 3 were Etruscan!◦military!•judicial!•legislative authority!•chief priest (pontifex maximus)!•infrastructure and institutions!•major sewage system !◦drain swamp regions of the hills of Rome!‣Cloaca Maxima !‣Circus Maximus!◦track for chariot racing!‣built city walls !◦religious rights for the cities!◦games!‣census!◦ability to organize!‣!Roman Values patria potestas !•power of the father!◦father is the head !◦legal power over the wife and children!◦power over life and death over wife and children -> can legally kill them for various ‣offenses !mos maioria!•ancestral custom!◦valued certain stability and industriousness with their ancestors!◦Romanitas !•Romanness!◦manliness with the Roman view of things !◦someone who demonstrated the moral virtue of the Romans !◦show type of seriousness with everyday interaction with others !◦religious piety !◦example -> rustic farmer !◦goes back to their origins of the low level secretary farming !‣!End of the Monarchy Sextus Tarquinius and Lucretia!•Sextus -> son of the king!◦roman celebrating the virtues of the his wife -> Lucretia!◦get into a drunk debate of which wife is more virtuous !◦allows Sextus to sleep with her to avoid the blackmail of getting the face of a slave killed ◦next to her!told L. Junius Brutus about this !◦he told her that she has to kill Sextus but ends up killing herself !◦Lucretia is an ideal woman since she killed herself !◦Brutus kills Sextus -> push off the throne !◦builds a great fear !◦despise the order of kingship !•!Roman Republic (509-ca. 30 BCE) res privata = private thing!•res public = public thing!•must be shared by all !◦disdain toward kingship!◦division of powers !•2 consuls (annual terms) !◦1 year terms!‣serve as generals during wartime!‣present problems to the senate!‣senate (~100-300 elders)!◦foreign affairs!‣made up of elites!‣popular assemblies!◦more or less power depending on the people !‣responsible for voting people into office!‣able to decide on going to war !‣advised by the Senate !•!Conflict of the Orders in the Early Republic Pleb "Secessions" or "Strikes"!•leave the city !◦working class -> getting things done in the city!◦significant economic impact!◦XII Tables (450 BCE)!•victories of the Pleb!◦Rome's early law code!◦Licino-Sextian law !•one Consul must be Plebian (367 BCE)!◦Plebeian office of Tribune (300ish BCE)!•Tribune associated with military affairs!◦developed this office due to veto power !◦power to throw out the idea !‣Plebescites and Hortensian Law (287 BCE)!•Plebian council pushed up to the Senate as a law!◦council able to issue law based on the perspective of the Plebian that doesn't need the ◦Senate approval!overall Plebeians get power over Rome !•!Italy under Roman Rule Gauls sack Rome, 390 BCE !•"vae victis - woe to the vanquished"!◦brought awareness toward the Romans to start defending themselves not wanting this to ◦happen again !expansion!•full time conquest of the Roman!◦Italian groupings and the Greek boot of Italy over the next century fall under Roman rule !◦defensive aggression vs. aristocratic ambition?!•start seeing more and more triumphs !◦Methods of Control!•military colonies!◦send out to establish colonies that are not conquered!‣put Roman footprint over the lands !‣expanding road networks!◦connecting the places back to the Rome !‣easier transportation of militaries!‣give elites citizenship!◦recognize certain rights for people that are not Roman!‣give people Latin rights to celebrate the Roman rule!‣268: Italy under Roman control!•!Punic Wars (264-146 BCE) Antigonids vs. Seleukids vs.