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Berkeley HISTORY 2 - Lecture 8 - The Hellenistic World and Its Asian Frontier

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Lecture 8 - The Hellenistic World and Its Asian Frontier !Chronology!359 - 336 BCE" " Reign of Philip II of Macedon!338 BCE" " " Battle of Chaeronea!336 - 323 BCE" " Reign of Alexander III of Macedon!322 - 185 BCE" " Mauryan Dynasty (India)!323 - 30 BCE" " Hellenistic Era!!Lecture Questions How did intellectuals inspire Alexander's (and Philip's) decisions concerning Achaemenid Persia, both before and during the campaign?!How did Greeks and Macedonians utilize native traditions, where political, religious, or cultural?!!The Peloponnesian War - Review Sparta captured Athens!•!The Intellectual Response to Athens' Failure the rash decisions of Athenian popular democracy!•not a representative democracy!◦make decisions based on demigod or leader !◦based on their own ambitions -> persuade the crowd in important decisions!◦assemblies but general commanders and leaders to death due to war failure!◦The Trial of Socrates (399 BCE)!•celebrated as one of the famous soldiers in the battles!◦problematic !◦ few friends that support oligarchy!‣sway over the young elites in Athens!‣reputation for annoying elite established men in Athens!‣asking questions to philosophy to annoy them!•put up on trial and guilty for corrupting the youth!◦death of socrates by drinking poison!◦see anger toward popular democracy in Athens!◦Plato's Allegory of the Cave!•search for ideal ruler and state!◦not democracy that you find!◦writing about the ideal state !◦ideas toward kings and leaders !◦search for model rulers of the past!•Cyrus I of Persia!◦Hercules!◦actually an old king in the Trojan War era!‣others !◦presenting an ideal toward the Greek world!◦!Looking East Towards Persia continuing Persian intervention!•Spartans maintain control over the empire !◦eventually gave up the power !◦Xenophon and the 10,000 in Cyrus the Younger's revolt (401 BCE)!•rebels against his older brother!◦Persians have respect for military skill set !◦leads army to Persian empire!◦fights battle at Cuxnasa!◦Cyrus is killed during the battle!◦military stuck in south of Babylon!◦escape up to the Black Sea into the Greek world being chased by Persian army!◦woke up to the Greeks that they could beat Persia?!◦Isocrates' Letters (mid-4th c. BCE) and appeals !•writing to influential generals, tyrants and leaders!◦argument for unification rather than fighting!◦never able to build a united campaign util the mid 4th century!◦!Philip II and the Rise of Macedon Macedonia and the Greeks!•did speak dialect of Greek but different from city states!◦known way too much alcohol and partying too much!◦had a monarchy or kingdom <- major difference!◦kings claimed that they are from Peloponnese!◦The Regent!•took throne around 360 BCE!◦third son of his father!◦Philip took power away from his nephew and got successful in the Macedonian kingdom!◦marriages and alliances!•practiced poligamy!◦married tribes and chiefdoms to establish a large scale kingdom!◦!The Macedonian Army Sarissa !•long spear of Macedonian phalanx!◦18 foot long spear!◦not successful / immobile with the spear !◦companion cavalry !•made up of royals and elites and kings and family!◦hammer and anvil!•professional army !•35,000 people!◦had a king enabled them !◦had a lot of money, resources, and territories!◦!Conquest of Greece (338 BCE) Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE)!•wins the battle !◦"end of the city-state era" <- he thinks this is incorrect!◦fall under the Macedonian control except for Sparta!◦Philip won the battle !◦League of Corinth!•Philip established himself as head of the league!◦established campaign against the Spartans!◦assassination of Philip!•killed by one of his body guards -> personal grudge?!◦!Alexander III, "The Great" (356-323 BCE) son of Olympias and Philip II!•mother -> queen of empress of western Greece!◦parents did not get along!◦sided with his mother !◦Alexander's ambition!•part of his personality !◦competed with his father for glory and honor!◦gets this ambition from his education!◦tutored by Aristotle!‣Aristotle and Alexander's elite education!•pambasileus!◦theoretical individual whose virtue or excellence is so superior to others that it ‣justifies kingship rather than democracy or oligarchy !part of the reason of his drive for conquest !‣spend time in Athens under Plato and Socrates!◦!Alexander's Campaign, 334-323 BCE smaller, professional army vs. conscript army!•conscript army -> Persian king must communicate with the !◦Battles of the Granicus River, Issus, Arbela (Gaugamela)!•Alexander fought against local Persian!◦cross over Anatolia fights at Issus!◦wins an impressive victory!‣doesn't change Darius back !‣doesn't have that much support back at the Greek city world!◦declares Pharaoh in Egypt!◦battle in Gaugamela -> defeats Darius III with massive army!◦fought with elephants!‣Persian king escapes to the east!‣moves south to Babylon !◦catches up to the escaped king !◦king killed by his own supporters -> Bactria!‣death of Darius III!•the Bactrian/Sogdian campaign!•the mutiny at the Hypahsis River!•after 11 years of campaign!◦!Alexander as Persian King? Alexander's Actions!•wears Persian clothing!◦receives proskynesis !◦ceremonial bow to Persian king!‣generous towards defeated elites, especially Persians!◦incorporated defeated into his ranks, sometimes very high rank!◦encouraged intermarriage !◦ceremony at Susa!‣willing to punish Macedonians / Greeks who mistreat native populations!◦recognizes religious freedom of the defeated!◦Greek / Macedonian Response!•Alexander becoming "luxurious"!◦Alexander tyrannical!◦less open to hearing opinions of men!‣unfair to share rewards of victory with defeated!◦still viewed defeated as "barbarians"!◦colonists angry at having to live in Asia!◦especially central and southern Asia!‣Alexander "too Persian"!◦!Xenophon's Cyropaedia (or "Education of Cyrus") historicity?!•uses Cyrus I of Persia as a case study for ruling over large, multi-ethnic empire!•generosity towards defeated!•incorporating defeated soldiers!•intermarriage!•using ruling philosophy, clothing, etc. of defeated!•!Alexander and Hellenization Hellenization!•the adoption of Greek cultural traditions by non-Greeks!◦Plutarch on Alexander and Hellenization (reading)!•Greek / Macedonian islands of


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Berkeley HISTORY 2 - Lecture 8 - The Hellenistic World and Its Asian Frontier

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