Lecture 7 - Early Modern Land Empires!!Key Terms Janissaries!•Suleiman the Magnificent!•Ivan the Terrible!•St. Petersburg!•Akbar!•Rajah!•!Guiding Questions How did these empires' rulers project power to their subjects?!•rulers expanded upon older cultural traditions (Byzantium, Persia, the caliphate) to ◦legitimize themselves and used monumental building to glorify imperial centers!What problems and threats conditioned these empires' development across the early modern •period (c. 1450-1700)?!ongoing warfare and internal threats (frontier warfare; disloyal elites) were stimuli to ◦autocratic centralization!!The Ottoman Empire !The Turks in Anatolia 1100-1400: Turkish settlement of Anatolia!•Asia Minor = divided into warring principalities !•Gradual Islamization, Turkicization of Anatolia!•!Anatolia around 1300 Turkish principalities overtaking Anatolia !•Turkish won the battle between the Byzantine Empire!•able to expand Turkish principalities across Anatolia!•!Byzantium and the Early Ottomans Ghazi tradition!•holy warriors on Islam's frontiers!◦Byzantines weakened by Latin occupation (1204-1261), civil wars!•occupied by the Crusaders during the 4th Crusades!◦never able to recover from the blow!◦Latin Christians forced them to unify them under the Pope's control!◦able to expand across what was the Byzantine Empire!◦able to do it due to the Black Plague!◦1354 - Ottomans enter Europe!•first city Ottomans empire!◦begin to expand into Europe!◦!The Conquest of Constantinople (1453) Mehmed II, "The Conqueror"!•successful use of cannon vs. city's land walls!•walls built during 1400s by the Romans!◦Constantine XI dies in battle !•!Ottoman Expansion, 1: Europe conquest of the Balkans, Danube region (14th-15th centuries)!•threat on the European rulers!◦no Christian empires can't stand up against them !◦2 sieges of Vienna (1529, 1689)!•Domination of Eastern Mediterranean!•raid costal towns!◦destabilize shipping and trading commerce!◦!Ottoman Expansion, 2: The Near East Conquest of Mamluk Empire (Syria and Egypt), 1516-17!•territories gained in short amount of time!◦draft the locals in the army!◦draft local peasants into force labor !◦make use of human resources!◦suzerainty over Crimea, Black Sea region!•ongoing wars with Safavid Persia!•sponsors pirate kingdoms in North Africa!•puppet states send to overtake the Italian islands and Spain!◦Mediterranean economic system is destabilized!◦!Ottoman Government inherits Byzantine administration, tax system!•centralized, palace-based bureaucracy!•use of eunuchs as administrators, troubleshooters!•!Janissaries Christians conscripted in childhood!•taken into Constantinople for military education!◦able to rely them upon to not rebel and be effective in battle!◦elite shook infantry, peacekeepers !•recruited from Christian areas of the empire !•powerful faction in Ottoman politics!•important block of modernization and reform!•important Ottoman power elite!◦how the Ottomans run their empire!◦!Suleiman "the Magnificent" (r. 1520-66) expands empire in Mesopotamia, Europe!•known as Kanuna - "the lawgiver" !•reform of secular, sharia law !◦public works !•increased number of primary schools!•interest in education!◦passes several law increasing them!◦tried to establish more schools in the provinces !◦tried to build an educated elite in the reform =!◦does his best to fight against the religious conflict !•send out Ottomans to over take Iran!•!Ottoman Public Building Islamization of Constantinople!•take a city that had predominately Christain making it into an Islamic city !◦Sultan as benefactor!•charitable acts!◦establishing use and public buildings !◦hospitals, mosques, waterworks!•public foundations, baths!•example of how despite Ottomans concentrate their territories, they were engaged in ◦caring for the nation with public acts!public markets (bazaars, souks)!•!Hagia Sofia, Istanbul built by Justinian !•central cathedral church for the Orthodox Christians!•cover up Christian beliefs!•put down caligpaphical works by the Ottomans !•!The Sulemaniye Mosque, Istanbul design is working parallel with the Hagia Sofia !•create a mask from the beginning of the Turkish foundation!•transforming the public face of their capital !•Constantinople became Istanbul after the conquest!•!Erdogan and Neo-Ottomanism Early Tsarist Russia The Expansion of Muscovy !The Rise of Muscovy origin!•minor trading outpost in north Russia forest!◦early rulers subject to Golden Horde!•expansion to south, southwest !•rulers try to make a buffer zone leading to their expansion !•protecting themselves from invasions from the east!◦!The Byzantine Inheritance Ivan III marries niece of Constantine XI, last Byzantine Emperor !•Moscow: the Third Rome !•Ivan III: "Tsar of all the Rus" !•imperial power over all the Russian principalities!◦!Ivan "the Terrible" (r. 1547-1584) conquers neighboring khanates!•secret police (oprichnina)!•charged with political crimes !◦savage repression of nobles (boyars) !•Massacre of Novgorod !•willingness to use massacre to keep people in line !◦6-7 thousand people of the city!◦St. Basil's cathedral !•centralizing the state and rule out any disloyalty !•!St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow (1555-61) built quickly!•victory over the Kashan!•worried about being outclassed and beaten with !•!Stalin and Ivan the Terrible Stalin saw himself as a modern day successor of the Soviet Union following Ivan the Terrible!•identified himself with this ruthlessness!•Stalin = "man of steel" !•!Peter the Great and Westnization travels throughout Europe, 1697-98!•selective westernization!•technology !◦science!◦do this to be able to compete with the west !◦acquire western ideas and technology !‣no interest of introducing the liberal arts !◦focus on this selection to modernization for strength of the state !◦not aiming for a democracy!◦Royal Academy founded (1724)!•forcible changes in fashion!•for the boyars to change their appearance!◦evidence of modernization from Peter!◦!St. Petersburg founded by Peter the Great, 1703!•built by conscripted peasant labor !•becomes capital of the empire, 1709!•Russia's "Window on the West" !•considered as western capital for the modernization !•moving the capital to here from Moscow to reduce the