BSC 2086 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 15 1 What is the difference between the afferent division and the efferent division of the nervous system Which involves the sensory pathway Which involves the motor pathway What are their components a Afferent Division information approaching CNS i Involves sensory pathway ii Receptors detect stimuli from external and internal environment iii Sensory neurons relay info down axons iv Sensory pathways send info to CNS 1 Tracts CNS 2 Nerves PNS 3 Nuclei CNS b Efferent Division information leaving CNS i Involves motor pathway ii Motor neurons in cell bodies iii Motor tracts and nerves send signals to muscles glands 2 What are the 6 general senses What are the 5 special senses Why is receptor specificity important to the detection of a specific stimulus What does that have to do with labeled lines in the nervous system a General Senses i Pain ii Temperature iii Pressure iv Touch v Vibration vi Proprioception body position b Special Senses i Smell olfaction ii Sight vision iii Taste gustation iv Balance equilibrium v Hearing c Receptors are very specific to the stimuli that they sense Stimulus travels down labeled lines which are always relayed by the same axon How a person perceives the stimulus depends on the labeled line it takes to the CNS therefore allowing only certain stimulus to reach certain parts of the brain 3 What is the difference between sensation and perception If a receptor has a large receptive field is it easier or harder to localize the stimulus What if the receptor has a small receptive field a Sensation is the information arriving from each of these general senses while perception is our awareness of these sensations b If a receptor has a large receptive field it is harder to localize the stimulus while if it has a small receptive field it is much easier to localize the stimulus 4 What is adaptation and how are tonic and phasic receptors involved What is the difference between central adaptation and peripheral adaptation a Adaptation reduced sensitivity to stimuli that is constant and does not cause pain b Tonic receptors slow to adapt i Ex Pain receptors c Phasic receptors fast to adapt i Frequency of action potentials due to the stimulus gives body an idea of intensity and rate of change caused by the stimulus d Peripheral adaptation occurs when level of receptor activity changes and gradually declines e Central adaptation inhibition of nuclei along a sensory pathway i Happens inside CNS ii Conscious awareness of the stimuli disappears even though neurons are still active 5 What are the four types of general sensory receptors What is the difference between the pain information sent by type A fibers and type C fibers a Nociceptors pain detectors i Type A fibers fast pain prickling pain ii Type B fibers slow pain sensations burning or aching pain b Thermoreceptors temperature change detectors c Mechanoreceptors detects changes in plasma membrane d Chemoreceptors detect chemical effects on the body 6 How many different classes of mechanoreceptors are there Of the tactile receptors how many types are there Can you name the different types of stimuli that each type detects a There are 3 different types of mechanoreceptors i Tactile receptors ii Baroreceptors iii Proprioceptors b There are six types of tactile receptors found on the skin i Free nerve endings tonic receptors with small receptive field ii Root hair plexus rapid adapters that detects movements and distortions iii Tactile discs Merkel discs detect fine touch and pressure receptors iv Tactile corpuscles Meissners corpuscles detect fine touch pressure and low frequency vibrations v Lamellated corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles detect deep pressure vi Ruffini corpuscles tonic receptors sensitive to pressure and skin distortion 7 Where can you find baroreceptors proprioceptors and chemoreceptors a Baroreceptors found in i Blood vessels ii Digestive tract iii Urinary tract iv Reproductive tract b Proprioceptors found in i Muscle spindles ii Golgi tendon organs between skeletal muscles and their corresponding tendons iii Joint capsules c Chemoreceptors found in i Carotid arteries ii Aortic arch 8 What are the three major somatic sensory pathways that carry sensory information to upper CNS centers What kind of information does each pathway carry How are these sensory pathways involved in referred pain a Spinothalamic pathway carries conscious sensation of crude touch pressure temperature and pain i Referred pain felt when pain begins in an uninjured body part when the real source of pain is in another location ii Ex When heart attack pain is felt in the left arm b Spinocerebellar pathway proprioceptive information sent to cerebellum c Posterior column pathway Sensation of fine touch pressure vibration and proprioception 9 What is the difference between spastic and flaccid paralysis What causes these types of paralysis a Spastic paralysis upper motor neuron damage i Muscles not in a relaxed state b Flaccid paralysis lower motor neuron damage i Cant move limbs at all wheelchair bound 10 What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis How does it affect the nervous and muscular systems a A progressive degenerative disorder that affects motor neurons found in the brains stem spinal cord and cerebral hemisphere 1 Once these neurons die skeletal muscles stop being used which causes atrophy 2 Deterioration of skeletal muscles occurs Chapter 17 1 What are the cells involved in olfaction and gustation How do olfactory receptor cells detect different odors How do gustatory cells detect foods of different taste How are salty and sour foods detected differently than bitter sweet and umami tastes a Olfaction i Olfactory receptor cells detect dissolved chemicals interacting with odor binding proteins ii Supporting cells iii Basal stem cells that replenish the receptor cells b Gustation i Taste receptors clustered in taste buds ii Basal stem cells that replenish the receptor cells iii Gustatory cells taste hairs extend through the taste pore c Gustatory discrimination detect 4 primary sensations sweet salty bitter and sour i Salty and sour foods have chemically gated receptors which depolarize membrane which causes neurotransmitter release ii Sweet bitter and umami tastes bind to receptor proteins and activate G proteins which will cause release of neurotransmitters 2 Why are we more sensitive to bitter and sour tastes compared to salty and sweet tastes a It is the body s defense mechanism
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