HIS 102 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 28-37Long Essays1. Identify and explain the main outcomes of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. How do you assess the peace settlement? Did it provide the basis for a stable Europe?A. League of Nations1) International organization whose principle mission was to maintain world peace2) Collective security and disarmament, settling disputes through negotiation3) Ultimately failed (WWII)B. Treaty of Versailles1) Ended war with Germany2) War guilt clausei. Disarmii. Territorial concessionsiii. Reparations C. While they thought they were putting good plans for peace into action, no one was willing to actually enforce the terms of the peace conference2. What were the major developments in the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik Revolution? The revolutionaries took power determined to end injustice and poverty in a poor, backwards country. Yet the state became defined by terror. What happened?A. Bolshevik Revolution1. The Romanov dynasty overthrown and parliament declares itself the provisional government2. Provisional government overthrown because of their support of the war effort, and replaced by SovietsB. Terror1. The second provisional government was using the army to keep peace in the Soviet Union2. This was out of fear of another coup3. This also created fear among the people3. Why did fascism come to dominate politics in much of interwar Europe? What were the main features of fascism? Use examples drawn from specific movements to illustrate your answers.A. Fascism domination1. Feeling of nationalism when all other countries were against2. Authoritarian3. Defenders of propertyB. Fascism’s main features are nationalism and authoritarianism (xenophobia), sense of grievance and lossC. Italy-MussoliniD. Germany-Hitler4. What were the main international developments and crises in the 1930’s that led to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939? What accounts for the responses of the major European democracies, France and Britain, to fascist aggression?A. Germany’s invasion of Poland1. After this event, France and Britain declare war but don’t attack2. Form Maginot lines along France’s border and wait for Germany to attackB. European democracies reactions1. Mostly reacted with attrition2. Didn’t attack until attacked, simply mobilized an army5. How do you explain the collapse of the Weimar republic? How did Hitler consolidate the Nazi dictatorship?A. Hitler gained power legally and laid lowB. Slowly got parties other than the Nazi party disbanded for various reasons (beginning with the Communist party before the Enabling Act was enforced)C. After Enabling Act (suspends due process) all political parties banned except Nazi partyD. Last thing threatening Hitler’s power was the army1. Night of the Long Knives, Hitler’s oldest friend, Roehm, executed for threatening army leadership2. Hitler supports this and therefore gains support of the army3. After death of Hindenberg, army decides Hitler will replace Hindenberg6. Explain the difference between the two fronts in the war against Hitler’s Germany. How was the war conducted on each front? Why was the action on the Soviet front decisive in defeating Germany? What was the significance of the Anglo-American front?A. Soviet Front1. Larger and more pivotal for victory than the Anglo-American front2. Willing to take any loss necessary 3. Soldiers followed by the KGB forces to force them to do their duties and deny them the option of turning backB. Anglo-American Front1. Not willing to take any loss necessary; allow themselves to lose a battle in order to sustain troops2. Went on the defensive near the end of the war3. Area bombing took placeBrowning’s “Ordinary Men”1. Why does Browning conclude that the Order Police of Battalion 101 were “ordinary men”?- Statistically, ordinary- All around 38 years old- Working class men- Left-wing voters from Hamburg- Not even Nazi’s or radical racists2. What role did Battalion 101 have in the Holocaust? Discuss and explain their part in the destruction of Polish Jews- Original job was to stay behind fighting lines and maintain order in the occupied territories- Killed Jews one by one with firing squads before death camps fully developed3. How does Browning explain the actions of the men of Battalion 101? What use does he make of the famous work of behavioral psychologists?- Role adaptation-they were given a position of power and told to kill and they felt like they had no choice in the matter- Eventually they began killing with ease- Used studies by Milgram and Zimbardo as basis for theory- Milgram’s experiment was the obedience study where an authority figure continuallytells the subject to shock the other subject whom they can’t see. The results showedthat most people continued to shock until they heard no more shouting from the other subject.- Zimbardo’s experiment was on roles. Male Stanford students were given roles of prisoners and prison guards and given the freedom to do whatever they liked within those roles. Abuse and shaming of the prisoners