HIS 102 1st Edition Lecture 31 Outline of Last Lecture I. IntroductionII. On the eve of the warIII. Total war and political crisisIV. 1917Outline of Current Lecture I. March on Rome (October 28, 1922)A. Hordes of Black shirts were gathering around the city to impose themselves and show their strengthB. An attempt to intimidate the governmentC. Luigi Facta1. Prime minister2. Wrote to the king, Victor Emmanuel III, to plead for marshal law-not granted3. Prime minister resigned4. Mussolini appointed to Prime minister position by the king; he had wide military and property owning middle class support5. 1st successful fascist movementII. Mussolini’s Rise to PowerA. Wider context: post-war chaos1. By 1918-19192. Economy was badly hit by end of wari. Borrowed a lot of money during warii. Caused inflation and food shortagesiii. Heightened taxes3. Italy had been promised territorial concessions if they entered the wari. This doesn’t happenii. Deep grievances over this treatment because of how many men lost and injurediii. Resentment and sense of disillusionmentiv. Nationalist feelingsB. Radicalized peasantry and working class1. Everyone had been asked to make sacrificesi. Economic positions decreased within middle and peasantry class2. Radicalizes lots of peoplei. The government lacks legitimacyii. Socialist militantsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Wave of strikes that culminate in the fall of 1920; occupy factoriesiv. Peasants refused to pay rent to landlords, and sometimes even seized the estates of latafundiav. Liberal government incapable of reacting to the list of grievances III. The fascist party: defender of property and powerA. Within the array of chaos, fascist party steps in1. Most of them step in in a completely constitutional wayB. Chief characteristics1. Core characteristic: radical nationalist parties (loyalties are to the nation, it always takes first place)2. The nation itself is at risk; it has enemies all around it who threaten the well-being of the national community (xenophobia) 3. National identity defined by ethnic or racial terms4. Deep sense of grievance and loss (draws in lots of people, especially veterans)5. First enemy is the political left (the socialists, communists, Marxists)6. Fundamental difference is that communists abolish private property, while Fascists defend property rights7. Liberal state was ineffective, fascists targeted parliamentary democracy because it sows the seeds of division when the nation should be one8. As soon as they take power, they abolish political parties because they undermined the unity of the people9. Defined by a kind of cult of the leadership, the leaders play a charismatic role and there are even worshippers of the leadersC. Who does it appeal to?1. Property owning middle
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