HIS 102 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 14 – 27Part One: Long Essay1. Assuming the persona of either a stalwart liberal or an ardent member of the sans-culottes (but not both) explain, discuss, and justify the guiding principles of the revolution in its liberal or republican phase, respectively.A. Sans culottes1. Supported suffrage for people who weren’t land owners2. Supported social and economic equality3. Supported price controls on food so they didn’t have to pay outrageous prices for bread4. Sans-culottes were the working class people characterized by their long trousers5. They were the most fervent supporters of the revolution in the beginningB. Stalwart liberal1. Jacobins-supported execution of the monarch2. Wanted to eliminate any threat of a return to monarchy2. Overturning a social and political order guided by privilege and inequality, French revolutionaries advanced governance according to the rights of man and sovereignty of the people. Yet, the Revolution descended into the Reign of Terror and later, the military dictatorship of Napoleon. Why did things go so terribly wrong?A. Conservative view1. Things had gone so wrong because the execution of the monarchs and establishment of Democracy had subverted God’s natural orderB. At first people are just afraid of being executed, but eventually grow tired1. People tire of extremismi. Arrest and execute Robespierre 2. People just want freedoms that they were fighting fori. Didn’t get those freedoms even after revolution because of Reign of Terror-constant living in fear3. What was the industrial revolution and why was it important? How did it shape the formation and experience of Europe’s working class, particularly artisans?A. Industrial Revolution: what and why1. What was the industrial revolution?i. Developments in economy, technology, and labor to produce abundanceii. A lot in textile and metal working as well as in different forms of power2. Why was the industrial revolution important?i. It gave the opportunity for Europe to developii. Development of railroads improved transportation and opened up new forms of communicationiii. Application of scienceiv. Expansion of the middle class4. How would you define Europe’s 19th century middle class? Explain that group’s close ties to the principle of liberalism in both political and economic life. How did events inFrance and England c. 1830 illustrate growing bourgeois strength?A. Middle class definitions1. Financial or economic independence 2. Education for people in professions (bankers, shop owners, etc.)B. Liberalism1. Politicali. Representation through votingii. Broad legal reformsiii. Constitutional monarchy (constitutional charter)iv. Bourbon restorationv. Social mobility2. Economici. CapitalistC. Growing Bourgeois strength1. Adoption of middle class values by upper class (culture and morality)2. Separate themselves from poor and rich by mastery over impulses (Family, sobriety (temperance movement), frugality, industry (work is important, become industrious people), educational attainment, religious (still the foundation of middle class life), sexual propriety (abstinence until marriage, promiscuity frowned upon)5. What is nationalism and why is it significant? How did nationalism help to transform Europe’s political geography c. 1860-70? How did Italian unification differ from that of Germany?A. Nationalism: definition and significance1. Nationalism is the sense that you belong to a larger community that has shared values and culture2. Significant because national identity is a huge modern political ideology that mobilizes ideas in the world todayB. How did nationalism help to transform Europe’s political geography c. 1860-70?1. Unified people under national governments as opposed to local ones2. Unified Italian and German states as wholes3. Italy finally united under ITALIAN rule as opposed to foreign rule, which is what it had been under up until 18614. Germany pushes Austria out and unifies as a military stateC. Differences between Italian and German unification1. Pope goes into exile in the Vatican city (which doesn’t become a part of Italy), and neither does Rome until later on2. Italy doesn’t have a unified language3. Northern Italy is industrialized while Southern Italy is poor4. Germany is unified as a militaristic state6. Why did Europe fall into war in 1914? What were the most important factors?A. Long-term factors1. Unifications of Italy and Germany upset the balance of powers in Europe2. The spread of Nationalism creates this idea of “others” or outsiders in regards to other countries3. All the great European powers start development of “dreadnoughts” in a naval arms race (this means that all strong European powers now have strong navies) B. Short-term factors1. Assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinandi. Ferdinand was heir to the throne of Austriaii. Murdered in Sarajevo along with his wife, Sophie by Gavrillo Princip on June 28th, 1914iii. June 28th was a Serbian holiday, and as a large majority of Bosnians are Serbs, they decided to protest because Bosnia was a territory of Austria atthe time and they wanted to be freed and unite with Serbiaiv. Leads to July Crisis (Austria declares war on Serbia)2. Balkan warsC. “Flashpoints”: conflicts of rivalry over colonies that almost spark war between European states1. Moroccoi. French send troops into Morocco (1905)ii. Germans react by sending a gunboat to Morocco as a challenge to the Frenchiii. Their alliance systems keep them from going to war with each other, act as a restraint, but the incident fosters hostility2. Bosniai. Declared by Austria, but before this they had been Ottoman territoryii. Russians were ready to go to war with Austria after this Part Two: Ibsen’s Doll’s House1. How did the Helmer’s family life illustrate central values and codes of 19th century bourgeois life?A. Central values illustrated by Helmer family in A Doll’s House1. Frugalityi. But also the ability to spend a very little bit extra2. Industry3. Education4. Religion5. Sexual promiscuity frowned upon6. Separate spheres of influence between men and women (inside and outside the home)7. Domestic servants within the home to help woman8. Divorce or separation is very shameful2. What went wrong in the Helmer household? What did the rupture between Torvald and Nora suggest about the instabilities of middle class family life?A. What went wrong?1. Nora grew tired of the