HIS 102 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 14 27 Part One Long Essay 1 Assuming the persona of either a stalwart liberal or an ardent member of the sansculottes but not both explain discuss and justify the guiding principles of the revolution in its liberal or republican phase respectively A Sans culottes 1 Supported suffrage for people who weren t land owners 2 Supported social and economic equality 3 Supported price controls on food so they didn t have to pay outrageous prices for bread 4 Sans culottes were the working class people characterized by their long trousers 5 They were the most fervent supporters of the revolution in the beginning B Stalwart liberal 1 Jacobins supported execution of the monarch 2 Wanted to eliminate any threat of a return to monarchy 2 Overturning a social and political order guided by privilege and inequality French revolutionaries advanced governance according to the rights of man and sovereignty of the people Yet the Revolution descended into the Reign of Terror and later the military dictatorship of Napoleon Why did things go so terribly wrong A Conservative view 1 Things had gone so wrong because the execution of the monarchs and establishment of Democracy had subverted God s natural order B At first people are just afraid of being executed but eventually grow tired 1 People tire of extremism i Arrest and execute Robespierre 2 People just want freedoms that they were fighting for i Didn t get those freedoms even after revolution because of Reign of Terror constant living in fear 3 What was the industrial revolution and why was it important How did it shape the formation and experience of Europe s working class particularly artisans A Industrial Revolution what and why 1 What was the industrial revolution i Developments in economy technology and labor to produce abundance ii A lot in textile and metal working as well as in different forms of power 2 Why was the industrial revolution important i It gave the opportunity for Europe to develop ii Development of railroads improved transportation and opened up new forms of communication iii Application of science iv Expansion of the middle class 4 How would you define Europe s 19th century middle class Explain that group s close ties to the principle of liberalism in both political and economic life How did events in France and England c 1830 illustrate growing bourgeois strength A Middle class definitions 1 Financial or economic independence 2 Education for people in professions bankers shop owners etc B Liberalism 1 Political i Representation through voting ii Broad legal reforms iii Constitutional monarchy constitutional charter iv Bourbon restoration v Social mobility 2 Economic i Capitalist C Growing Bourgeois strength 1 Adoption of middle class values by upper class culture and morality 2 Separate themselves from poor and rich by mastery over impulses Family sobriety temperance movement frugality industry work is important become industrious people educational attainment religious still the foundation of middle class life sexual propriety abstinence until marriage promiscuity frowned upon 5 What is nationalism and why is it significant How did nationalism help to transform Europe s political geography c 1860 70 How did Italian unification differ from that of Germany A Nationalism definition and significance 1 Nationalism is the sense that you belong to a larger community that has shared values and culture 2 Significant because national identity is a huge modern political ideology that mobilizes ideas in the world today B How did nationalism help to transform Europe s political geography c 1860 70 1 Unified people under national governments as opposed to local ones 2 Unified Italian and German states as wholes 3 Italy finally united under ITALIAN rule as opposed to foreign rule which is what it had been under up until 1861 4 Germany pushes Austria out and unifies as a military state C Differences between Italian and German unification 1 Pope goes into exile in the Vatican city which doesn t become a part of Italy and neither does Rome until later on 2 Italy doesn t have a unified language 3 Northern Italy is industrialized while Southern Italy is poor 4 Germany is unified as a militaristic state 6 Why did Europe fall into war in 1914 What were the most important factors A Long term factors 1 Unifications of Italy and Germany upset the balance of powers in Europe 2 The spread of Nationalism creates this idea of others or outsiders in regards to other countries 3 All the great European powers start development of dreadnoughts in a naval arms race this means that all strong European powers now have strong navies B Short term factors 1 Assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand i Ferdinand was heir to the throne of Austria ii Murdered in Sarajevo along with his wife Sophie by Gavrillo Princip on June 28th 1914 iii June 28th was a Serbian holiday and as a large majority of Bosnians are Serbs they decided to protest because Bosnia was a territory of Austria at the time and they wanted to be freed and unite with Serbia iv Leads to July Crisis Austria declares war on Serbia 2 Balkan wars C Flashpoints conflicts of rivalry over colonies that almost spark war between European states 1 Morocco i French send troops into Morocco 1905 ii Germans react by sending a gunboat to Morocco as a challenge to the French iii Their alliance systems keep them from going to war with each other act as a restraint but the incident fosters hostility 2 Bosnia i Declared by Austria but before this they had been Ottoman territory ii Russians were ready to go to war with Austria after this Part Two Ibsen s Doll s House 1 How did the Helmer s family life illustrate central values and codes of 19 th century bourgeois life A Central values illustrated by Helmer family in A Doll s House 1 Frugality i But also the ability to spend a very little bit extra 2 Industry 3 Education 4 Religion 5 Sexual promiscuity frowned upon 6 Separate spheres of influence between men and women inside and outside the home 7 Domestic servants within the home to help woman 8 Divorce or separation is very shameful 2 What went wrong in the Helmer household What did the rupture between Torvald and Nora suggest about the instabilities of middle class family life A What went wrong 1 Nora grew tired of the middle class expectations that the wife should be perfect uneducated and tirelessly obedient to the husband without gratification of any kind 2 She