HIS 102 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 12 1 In 1700 most Europeans lived in a world dominated by supernatural forces Elites in contrast had come to view the world differently Explain this divergence with close reference to important discoveries in science particularly astronomy A Elites opinions on magic started to differ because they became more educated B Even with the spread of knowledge and increase in printing during the enlightenment poorer people still couldn t afford to educate themselves C The heliocentric view became accepted in society and the elite class educated people began to question what else was untrue about the life they knew D A new way of learning developed based off the reasoning that you couldn t gain knowledge based off what you already knew E More discoveries such as the milky way not being a part of our universe and the rotation of the Earth on its axis and in an elliptical pattern created a new view of God 2 How would you explain the creation of the Atlantic economy c 1500 1750 What part did New World slavery have in the creation of the modern world A The creation of the Atlantic economy developed upon the discovery of the New World by Columbus 1492 B Discovering that the New World had plants and animals new to Europe started off trading between the continents C Slavery played a huge role in developing the economy of the New World D Without slaves the colonists of North and South America would not have been able to afford to cultivate crops like sugar tobacco corn and cotton 1 Without these crops to trade with Europe the Americas would have been essentially useless to Europe and they would not have tried colonizing 3 Identify and explain the main elements of absolutism What social class enjoyed the main benefits of this form of the state and why A Absolute states require rules of succession B Power is centralized and only the state has the right to exercise violence got rid of standing armies for lords and such C No set rules constitution D No parliament E King can impose royal law F The elite upper class benefits from this the most 1 They are the ones who hold the favor of the king 2 They hold all the wealth 4 What were the main tenets of Luther s theology and forms of religious observance How did they differ from Catholicism Why in larger terms was Luther s revolt significant A Main tenets of Luther s theology 1 Faith differs from Catholics because they believe in good works 2 Priesthood of all believers Eucharist transubstantiation even the common people can have a relationship with God 3 Primacy of the word Bible is the center of everything the last word on everything narrows sacraments down to two B Luther s revolt basically brought Christianity back to the very basis stripped it of extravagance and unnecessary things 5 What were the main developments in the Reformation after Luther In what sense was the Reformation driven by political events How did the Catholic Church respond to the challenge of Protestantism A The main developments of Protestantism included several divisions of church including Calvinism and Presbyterianism 1 The main differences between Protestantism and Catholicism included views on baptism the Eucharist sacraments and practices such as indulgences B The Reformation was driven by political events because the Catholic Church leaders were using their high positions of power to influence politics especially by selling church offices and allowing one person to serve more than one church office at a time C The Catholic Church responded to Protestantism with the Council of Trent which re established the traditions of Catholicism and confirmed some challenges on the faith 6 Identify explain and discuss some of the main concerns and preoccupations of the Enlightenment How did that important cultural and intellectual movement illustrate the advance of civil society A The Enlightenment thinkers were concerned with learning primarily 1 Science 2 Ideas reaching a larger public B The influence on civil society included the development of Deism the idea that God is a watchmaker simply a being who created the world and left it to run as it would naturally C Society began to think for itself the development of newspapers publishing libraries and coffeehouses came about to spread ideas to the masses D Not just the elite were educated anymore 1 What makes Candide an Enlightenment era text A Candide is an Enlightenment era text because it shows the progression of thought from Candide s point of view as the story continues B Also according to Kant enlightenment is daring to know or learn and throughout the book Candide is very willing to learn more about others points of views and to debate and change his own opinion 2 How does Candide distinguish Voltaire from widely shared currents of Enlightenment thought A Candide distinguishes Voltaire from other Enlightenment thoughts because Voltaire believed in rational thought verses revelation B Rational thought is apparent in Candide in several sections throughout the book especially in Candide s own thought processes 3 Historical scholarship is linear in nature Historians seek to persuade readers of a particular interpretation of some aspect of the past drawing closely on evidence to make the case How does representation of the past in film differ Use Black Robe to explain your response A Representation of Native Americans in history classes in general are portrayed as victims of the white man but in Black Robe they are simply portrayed as a savage and uncultured people B Black Robe still focuses the heroic or main role on Father LaForgue but the Natives are portrayed kind of as antagonists 4 What went wrong in Black Robe and why A Black Robe portrayed how the Native Americans were unreceptive of Christianity as a religion B I believe what went wrong was that the Jesuit missionaries Father LaForgue pushed the Natives too hard to believe in something they did not understand Key Terms Peace of Augsburg Determined that the Prince of any particular German region would determine the religion of that region The Reconquest Driving Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula Iconoclasm Rejection of long standing beliefs or institutions Encyclopedia Diderot was chief editor of this work which was the first collection of papers on everything It was a reflection of optimism in learning and progress during the Enlightenment Louis XIV Builds Versailles as the French seat of government Rids France of the Edict