!Exam%#%1%Study%Guide%Lectures:%1%–%12%!1. In%1700,%most%Europeans%lived%in%a%world%dominated%by%supernatural%forces.%%Elites,%in%contrast,%had%come%to%view%the%world%differently.%%Explain%this%divergence%with%close%reference%to%important%discoveries%in%science,%particularly%astronomy.%A. Elites!opinions!on!magic!started!to!differ!because!they!became!more!educated!B. Even!with!the!spread!of!knowledge!and!increase!in!printing!during!the!enlightenment,!poorer!people!still!couldn’t!afford!to!educate!themselves!C. The!heliocentric!view!became!accepted!in!society!and!the!elite!class!(educated!people)!began!to!question!what!else!was!untrue!about!the!life!they!knew!D. A!new!way!of!learning!developed!based!off!the!reasoning!that!you!couldn’t!gain!knowledge!based!off!what!you!already!knew!E. More!discoveries,!such!as!the!milky!way!not!being!a!part!of!our!universe,!and!the!rotation!of!the!Earth!on!its!axis!and!in!an!elliptical!pattern!created!a!new!view!of!God!2. How%would%you%explain%the%creation%of%the%Atlantic%economy%c.%1500I1750?%%What%part%did%New%World%slavery%have%in%the%creation%of%the%modern%world?%A. The!creation!of!the!Atlantic!economy!developed!upon!the!discovery!of!the!New!World!by!Columbus!(1492)!B. Discovering!that!the!New!World!had!plants!and!animals!new!to!Europe!started!off!trading!between!the!continents!C. Slavery!played!a!huge!role!in!developing!the!economy!of!the!New!World!D. Without!slaves,!the!colonists!of!North!and!South!America!would!not!have!been!able!to!afford!to!cultivate!crops!like!sugar,!tobacco,!corn,!and!cotton!1. Without!these!crops!to!trade!with!Europe,!the!Americas!would!have!been!essentially!useless!to!Europe!and!they!would!not!have!tried!colonizing!3. Identify%and%explain%the%main%elements%of%absolutism.%%What%social%class%enjoyed%the%main%benefits%of%this%form%of%the%state%and%why?%A. Absolute!states!require!rules!of!succession!!B. Power!is!centralized!and!only!the!state!has!the!right!to!exercise!violence!(got!rid!of!standing!armies!for!lords!and!such)!C. No!set!rules/constitution!D. No!parliament!E. King!can!impose!royal!law!F. The!elite!upper!class!benefits!from!this!the!most!!1. They!are!the!ones!who!hold!the!favor!of!the!king!2. They!hold!all!the!wealth!4. What%were%the%main%tenets%of%Luther’s%theology%and%forms%of%religious%observance?%%How%did%they%differ%from%Catholicism?%%Why,%in%larger%terms,%was%Luther’s%revolt%significant?%A. Main!tenets!of!Luther’s!theology!1. Faith!(differs!from!Catholics!because!they!believe!in!good !works)!2. Priesthood!of!all!believers!(Eucharist,!transubstantiatio n)!even!the!common!people!can!have!a!relationship!with!God!!!!!HIS!102!!!!!1st!Edition!! !3. Primacy!of!the!word:!Bible!is!the!center!of!everything,!the!last!word!on!everything!(narrows!sacraments!down!to!two)!B. Luther’s!revolt!basically!brought!Christianity!back!to!the!very!basis,!stripped!it!of!extravagance!and!unnecessary!things!5. What%were%the%main%developments%in%the%Reformation%after%Luther?%%In%what%sense%was%the%Reformation%driven%by%political%events?%%How%did%the%Catholic%Church%respond%to%the%challenge%of%Protestantism?%A. The!main!developments!of!Protestantism!included!several!divisions!of!church,!including!Calvinism!and!Presbyterianism!1. The!main!differences!between!Protestantism!and!Catholicism!inclu ded!views!on !baptism,!the!Eucharist,!sacraments,!and!practices!such!as!indulgences!B. The!Reformation!was!driven!by!political!events!because!the!Catholic!Church!leaders!were!using!their!high!positions!of!power!to!influence!politics,!especially!by!selling!church!offices!and!allowing!one!person!to!serve!more!than!one!church!office!at!a!time!C. The!Catholic!Church!responded!to!Protestantism!with!the!Council!of!Trent!which!reWestablished!the!traditions!of!Catholicism!and!confirmed!some!challenges!on!the!faith!6. Identify,%explain,%and%discuss%some%of%the%main%concerns%and%preoccupations%of%the%Enlightenment.%%How%did%that%important%cultural%and%intellectual%movement%illustrate%the%advance%of%civil%society?%A. The!Enlightenment!thinkers!were!concerned!with!learning,!primarily:!1. Science!2. Ideas!reaching!a!larger!public!B. The!influence!on!civil!society!included!the!development!of!Deism,!the!idea!that!God!is!a!watchmaker,!simply!a!being!who!created!the!world!and!left!it!to!run!as!it!would!naturally!C. Society!began!to!think!for!itself,!the!development!of!newspapers,!publishing,!libraries,!and!coffeehouses!came!about!to!spread!ideas!to!the!masses!D. Not!just!the!elite!were!educated!anymore!!!1. What%makes%Candide%an%Enlightenment%era%text?%A. Candide!is!an!Enlightenment!era!text!because!it!shows!the!progression!of!thought!from!Candide’s!point!of!view!as!the!story!continues!B. Also,!according!to!Kant,!enlightenment!is!daring!to!know!or!learn!and!throughout!the!book,!Candide!is!very!willing!to!learn!more!about!others!points!of!views!and!to!debate!and!change!his!own!opinion!2. How%does%Candide%distinguish%Voltaire%from%widely%shared%currents%of%Enlightenment%thought?%A. Candide!distinguishes!Voltaire!from!other!Enlightenment!thoughts!because!Voltaire!believed!in!rational!thought!verses!revelation!B. Rational!thought!is!apparent!in!Candide'in!several!sections!throughout!the!book,!especially!in!Candide’s!own!thought!processes!! !3. Historical%scholarship%is%linear%in%nature.%%Historians%seek%to%persuade%readers%of%a%particular%interpretation%of%some%aspect%of%the%past,%drawing%closely%on%evidence%to%make%the%case.%%How%does%representation%of%the%past%in%film%differ?%%Use%“Black%Robe”%to%explain%your%response.%A. Representation!of!Native!Americans!in!history!classes!in!general!are!portrayed!as!victims!of!the!white!man,!but!in!“Black!Robe,”!they!are!simply!portrayed!as!a!savage!and!uncultured!people!B. “Black!Robe”!still!focuses!the!heroic!or!main!role!on!Father!LaForgue,!but!the!Natives!are!portrayed!kind!of!as!antagonists!4. What%went%wrong%in%“Black%Robe”%and%why?%A. “Black!Robe”!portrayed!how!the!Native!Americans!were!unreceptive!of!Christianity!as!a!religion!B.