HIS 102 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Starting place: Living in a supernatural worldII. What was different about the age of science?III. Sir Francis Bacon and the empirical worldIV. The astronomersV. An age of intellectual crisisOutline of Current Lecture I. Was ist aufklrung? Kant and the spirit of enlightenmentA. Kant: what is enlightenment?1. To dare to know, dare to learnB. Philosophes: populizers of enlightenment ideas1. Interested in science2. Wanted ideas to reach a larger publicII. Intellectual currentsA. The novelty of progress1. For generations, continuity was the norm2. Faith in progress coming into beingB. Science and the advantage of secularism1. Non-religious (secular) values become more important than ever beforeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Voltaire: rational thought, not revelation3. Science feeds secularism4. Mania against witchcraft because of belief in magic a. By 1700’s, elite stop believing in magic/witchcraftC. Civil society and significance1. Deism: God was beginning to be seen as a watchmaker; a creator who created the world and left it alone, doesn’t interfere in human affairs2. Isolation from societya. Strongest in economically developed areasb. People want to know about the world (middle class)>invention of newspaper, explosion in publishing, lending library (Ben Franklin created the first in America), coffeehousec. Invention of public opinion is cause for rulers to worryIII. Late 17th century origins: a discourse of opposition to absolutismA. Discourse of opposition to Absolutism1. Science as opposed to religion>criticize the state (opposition of church and state)2. The whole point was to give privileges to everyone (legal equality)IV. More on John Locke: a formidable theory of learningA. Essay concerning human understanding1. How do we know what we know?a. Locke: knowledge comes from experienceb. Tabula rasa2. If you want to create better people, create better institutionsV. The impulse to complete, classify, and orderA. Diderot: French enlightenment thinker1. Chief editor of Encyclopediaa. Reflection of optimism in learning and progress2. 28 volumesB. Carolus Linnaeus1. Thinks of the nomenclature: genus and species used to classifyVI. HumanitarianismA. Beccaria1. Punishment should fit the crime2. Made to protect society3. Against torture and capital punishmentB. 1787, England, abolition society established1. Olaudah Equiano: former
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