HIS 102 1st Edition Lecture 28 Outline of Last Lecture I The so what question why is the great war important II The trigger murder in Sarajevo III Wider background context and setting IV Diplomatic developments V Anglo German naval rivalry VI Flashpoints A Morocco 1905 B Bosnia 1908 VII Final Acts Balkan Wars 1912 13 Outline of Current Lecture I What made it Great A Total war 1 Not a matter of just sending off troops and continuing regular day to day life 2 Massive materials needed 3 State expands enormously 4 Everyone in society has to contribute to the war effort i Rationing and shortages B Naval warfare 1 Submarine warfare C New Zealanders Africans Chinese Canadians Americans all fought in the war II Allies vs central powers A Allies France great Britain Russia Serbia Belgium Italy Greece Romania Portugal japan US B Central Powers Germany Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria III The western front A Schlieffen Plan mobilize fully and press hard against France in the West and then pivot East to take on the Russian army B race to the sea by late 1914 both sides had dug in from the English channel to the frontier of Switzerland 475 miles long C War was decided on the Western Front 1 Each side using trench warfare with barbed wire These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute IV V i Land in between trenches was called no man s land 2 Right from the start it s a stalemate Other fronts A Eastern front 1 A war of movement 2 Hundreds of thousands of horses 3 Germans and Austrian Hungarians against Russia 4 Germans start off strong 5 By 1915 Poland is Germany s 6 Greatest losses in the war by Serbia lost 15 of population B Alps 1 Italians try to open another front in the alps 2 Fails Italians don t fight successfully C Gallipoli 1 British attack central powers by taking out the Ottomans fails disastrous 2 Ends up replicating the Western front trench warfare The nature of the war stalemate attrition and vast carnage A Pound other side with bombs and guns for hours days 1 Eventually run across no man s land to attack enemy generally failed 2 Machine guns prevent plan from working B Battle of Verdun 1 An offensive initiated by Germans 2 February 1916 July 1916 3 2 million men took part almost half died 4 23 million shells 5 Nobody makes any gains C Battle of the Somme 1 Also lasts about 5 months 2 First 24 hours British suffer 60 000 casualties 420 000 British casualties in all D Stalemate 1 Try to break with new technologies i Germans introduce a gas March 1915 chlorine gas ii Later introduce mustard gas iii Gases don t win any battles just tortures troops from both sides iv British introduce the tank v Both sides experiment with aerial warfare vi Germans introduce the submarine British blockade German ports and try to starve Germans out 2 By late 1917 Russian monarchy falls and the Russians withdraw from the war 3 Sign Treaty of Brest Litovsk with Germany and have to hand over massive concessions i Allows Germans to mobilize all defenses in the West ii VI VII American entrance into the war 1917 but not on the ground until 1918 send military resources The end November 1918 A German generals tell Wilhelm that they need to surrender to allies Some consequences A Hardships on everyone 1 Mutinies in French armies by 1917 2 Sacrifice is so great and unthinkable that the war leads to revolution Russian German Austrian Hungarian governments are overthrown B Heavy Prices 1 Even the victors don t do well i Britain pays for the war by borrowing money increase in national debt by 13 times they were bankrupt by the end of the war ii French invaded by Germany in 1940 accepted occupation by 1940 because can t fight back C Thought that human story is one of progress and guided by reason and rationality is shattered by the war leads to thoughts of deep pessimism in humans
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