HIS 102 1st Edition Lecture 29Outline of Last Lecture I. What made it “Great”?II. Allies vs. central powersIII. The western frontIV. Other frontsV. The nature of the war: stalemate, attrition, and vast carnageVI. The end: November 1918VII. Some consequencesOutline of Current Lecture I. War’s End: Turbulence and UpheavalA. War ended abruptly1. Surprise to everyone, especially GermansB. End of war did not bring a period of peace and stability1. First meeting of the Communist International (an organization of international communist parties) in Moscowi. Wanted to overthrow governments and establish communist government2. Communist Revolution in Berlin and other attempts in 12 other major cities inGermanyi. Bavaria seized and declared freedomii. Hungary 3. Benito Mussolini appears (founder of Italian fascism) and has his first major breakthrough in politics4. Poland, Ukraine, Turkey, Greece gripped by violent upheaval with revolutions,counterrevolutions, and civil warsC. First appearance of H1N1 (Spanish flu)1. Kills between 3-5% of the population of the world (20-100 million)D. Amritsar Massacre1. Area of India and Pakistan 2. Beginnings of independence movement (Gandhi later comes out and becomes leader of this party)3. Peaceful demonstration; listening to political speeches of aspirations4. British military comes in and shoots into the unarmed crowdi. People are furiousII. The Paris Peace ConferenceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Everyone sends representatives to ParisB. Conference going to determine the future for Europe, but also much of the worldC. Preparations done on the fly because of suddenness of collapse of German armyD. Plenary Conference: all states had representativesE. Council of five: foreign ministers from Britain, France, Italy, US, JapanF. Germany was in a bad place1. Because of being blockaded for some of the war, dealt with famine and diseaseG. Redrawing EuropeH. Big four: dominant figures of the conference, make major decisions1. Lloyd George-Prime minister of Britaini. Hang the Kaiser (German public)ii. Realized that if Germany was harshly punished, it would have an effect on European economics2. Orlando-Prime minister of Italyi. Wanted territorial concessions (promised this in exchange for enteringwar)3. George Clemenceau-France, hosti. Wanted Germany punished harshlyii. Carthaginian peace (burnt city down and sowed the fields with salt)iii. Wanted to make sure Germany would never threaten France again4. Woodrow Wilson-USi. Fourteen points: establishment of a League of Nations (international body to resolve conflicts before war happens), collective security (come to the aid of fraternal country to aid against aggression), liberalpolitical order and capitalist economies for Europe, national self-determination for Europe (nations have the right to self-determination-to determine their own countries)III. A New Map: Successor StatesA. Successor states because they succeed the collapsed empiresB. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslaviai. Some are Republics, some are Monarchies (but even the monarchies haveConstitutions)ii. Celebration of the liberation of these nationsIV. TreatiesA. St. Germain1. Imposed upon Austria2. Reduced to state of 6 million German speakers3. Had to accept a reduced army4. Reparations: had to accept responsibilities of damages5. Denied the option of self-determination, not allowed to join with GermanyB. Trianon1. Hungary2. Large Hungarian communities outside of Hungary3. Reparations4. Still a source of grievanceC. Versailles1. Germans2. Kaiser overthrown and Democratic government assembled to deal with allies 3. Harshly punitive treaty4. Territorial: Lost 13% of population and 10% of territory, took Germany’s colonies, Rhineland demilitarized5. Military: Reduced to 100,000 from 8 million, give up all offensive weapons (air force, tanks, navy)6. Article 231 (War Guilt Cause): had to accept sole responsibility for the war, 33billion dollarsV. League of NationsA. Set up to prevent future wars1. If one member was threatened, the other members would take care of itB. No one in Germany agreed with the treaty, but they signed it anywayC. Everyone agreed to isolate the Soviet UnionVI. A Fragile ContinentA. Grievances over map making1. Irredentism: when one state has claims on territories of their neighbors2. The minority problem: the way the maps are divided there are millions of ethnicities not a part of their original countriesEx: Slovaks, Jews, and Germans in PolandB. Successor states are primarily