PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I Studying Memory A 3 behaviors show that memory is functioning B How does memory work An information processing Model II Models of Memory Formation A The Atkinson Shifron Model B Dual Track Processing Explicit and Implicit Memories C Automatic Processing III Encoding A Sensory Memory B Capacity of Short Term and Working Memory Outline of Current Lecture I Still Under Encoding from last lecture II Encoding continued from last lecture A Sensory Memory covered in last lecture B Capacity of Short term and working memory covered in last lecture C Effortful Processing Strategies 1 Chunking 2 Mnemonics These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 3 Hierarchies Categories 4 Rehearsal and Distribution Practice D Levels of Processing E Making Information Personally Meaningful III Memory Storage Capacity and Location A Retaining Information in the Brain 5 Explicit Memory Processing 6 Implicit Memory Processing B Emotions and Memory C Synaptic Changes Current Lecture I Under Encoding from last Lecture II Encoding Continued from last lecture A B C Effortful Processing Strategies 1 Chunking Organizing date into manageable units Works better if we can assemble information into meaningful groups 2 Mnemonics A memory trick that connects information to existing memory strengths such as imagery or structure 3 Hierarchies Categories We are more likely to recall a concept if we encode it in a hierarchy a branching mested set of categories and sub categories 4 Rehearsal and Distributed Practice Massed Practice refers to cramming information all at once which is ineffective The Spacing effect is spacing the time you study i e want to study for five hours studying for one hour a day is more effective The Testing effect says if your distributed practice includes testing having to answer questions about the material you will lean more than if you merely reread material D Levels of Processing When encoding information we are more likely to retain it if we deeply process even a simple word list by focusing on the semantics meaning of the words Shallow unsuccessful processing refers to memorizing the appearance or sound of words E Making Information Personally Meaningful III The self reference effect relating material to ourselves aides memory Memory Storage Capacity and Location Memories aren t isolated files but are in overlapping neural networks The brains long term memory storage doesn t get full it gets more elaborately rewired Parts of each memory can be distributed throughout the brain A Retaining Information in the Brain 5 Explicit Memory Processing Explicit memories include facts stories and meaning of words Retrieval and use of explicit memories which is in part a working memory is directed by the frontal lobes Encoding and storage of explicit memories is facilitated by the hippocampus Events and facts are held there for a couple of days before consolidating moving to other parts of the brain for long term storage 6 Implicit Memory Processing Implicit memories include skills procedures and conditioned associations The cerebellum forms and stores our conditioned responses We can store a phobic response even if we can t recall how we acquired the fear The basil ganglia controls movement and forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills We can learn to ride a bicycle even if we can t recall having the lesson Infantile Amnesia Implicit memories from infancy can be retained however explicit memories only go back to three years of age i e At the age of fifteen Tania is afraid of spiders but she does not know why because she doesn t have the explicit memory of when she was two and woke up with three biting her B Emotions and Memory Strong emotions can strengthen memory formation Flashbulb memories refer to emotionally intense events that become burned in as a vivid seeming memory Note flashbulb memories are not as accurate as they feel C Synaptic Changes With repetition the synapses undergo long term potentiation signals are sent across the synapse more efficiently