PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I Punishment Positive Punishment Negative Punishment II Biology Cognition and Learning A Role of Biology 1 Classical Conditioning 2 Operant Conditioning B Role of Cognitive Processes 1 In Classical Conditioning 2 In Operant Conditioning 3 Latent Learning III Learning Rewards and Motivation A Intrinsic Motivation B Extrinsic Motivation IV Learning by Observation Observational Learning Modeling Mirror Neurons A Bandura s Experiments B Applications of observational learning 1 Positive Observational Learning 2 Negative Observational Learning Outline of Current Lecture I Studying Memory A 3 behaviors show that memory is functioning B How does memory work An information processing Model II Models of Memory Formation A The Atkinson Shifron Model B Dual Track Processing Explicit and Implicit Memories These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute C Automatic Processing III Encoding A Sensory Memory B Capacity of Short Term and Working Memory Current Lecture I II Studying Memory Studying memory refers to the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information and skills A 3 behaviors show that memory is functioning Recall is analogous to fill in the blank questions You retrieve information previously learned and unconsciously stored Recognition is a form of multiple choice You identify which stimuli matched your stored information Relearning is a measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you had studied before Even if you don t recall having seen the information before B How does memory work An information processing Model Encoding The information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored Storage The information is held in a way that allows it to be retrieved Retrieval Reactivating and recalling the information producing it in a form similar to what was encoded Models of Memory Formation A The Atkinson Shifron Model 1 Stimuli are recorded by our sense and held briefly in sensory memory 2 Some of this information is processed into short term memory and encoded through rehearsal 3 Information then moves into long term memory where it can be retrieved later Modifying this Model More goes on in short term memory besides rehearsal so it s now called working memory Some information seems to go straight from sensory experience into long term memory this is automatic processing B Dual Track Processing Explicit and Implicit Memories III So far we ve been talking about explicit memories These are facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall Our minds acquire this information through effortful processing Explicit memories are formed through studying rehearsing thinking processing and then storing information in long term memory Some memories are formed without going through all the Atkinson Shifron stages These are implicit memories the ones we are not fully aware of and thus don t talk about These memories are typically formed through automatic processing Implicit memories are formed without our awareness that we are building a memory and without rehearsal or other processing in working memory C Automatic Processing Some experiences go directly to long term implicit memory They are processed automatically into implicit memory without any effortful working memory processing Procedural memory such as knowing how to ride a bike and wellpracticed knowledge such as word meanings Conditioned associations such as a smell that triggers thoughts of a favorite place Information about space such as being able to picture where things are after walking through a room Information about time such as retracing a sequence of events if you lost something Information about frequency such as thinking I just noticed that this is the third texting driver I ve passed today Encoding A Sensory Memory Sensory memory refers to the immediate very brief recording of sensory information before its processed into short term working or long term memory We very briefly capture a sensory memory analogous to an echo or an image of all sensations we take in Sensory memory consists of about 3 to 4 second echo or a 1 20 th of a second image Evidence of auditory sensory memory called echoic memory can occur after someone says What did I just say Even if you weren t paying attention you can retrieve about the last eight words from echoic memory B Capacity of Short Term and Working Memory If some information is selected from sensory memory to be sent to the short term memory how much information can we hold there George Miller proposed that we can hold 7 2 information bits i e strings of 59 letters More recent research suggests that the average person free from distraction can hold about 7 digits 6 letters or 5 words Working Memory Capacity which uses rehearsal focus analysis linking and other processing has greater capacity than short term memory The capacity of working memory varies some people have better concentration