PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I Skinner s Experiments A Operant Chamber II Operant Conditioning A Shaping Behavior B Types of Reinforcers 1 Positive and Negative Reinforcement 2 Primary and Conditioned Reinforcers 3 Immediate and Delayed Reinforcers C Reinforcement Schedules 1 Continuous Reinforcement 2 Partial Reinforcement Types of Partial Reinforcement 1 Fixed Ratio 2 Variable Ratio 3 Fixed Interval 4 Variable Interval Outline of Current Lecture I Punishment Positive Punishment Negative Punishment These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III IV Biology Cognition and Learning A Role of Biology 1 Classical Conditioning 2 Operant Conditioning B Role of Cognitive Processes 1 In Classical Conditioning 2 In Operant Conditioning 3 Latent Learning Learning Rewards and Motivation A Intrinsic Motivation B Extrinsic Motivation Learning by Observation Observational Learning Modeling Mirror Neurons A Bandura s Experiments B Applications of observational learning 1 Positive Observational Learning 2 Negative Observational Learning Current Lecture I II Punishment Any event that decreases or weakens the behavior it follows Positive Punishment administers an aversive stimulus i e parking ticket spanking Negative Punishment withdraws a desirable stimulus revoked driver s license timeout from a privilege Biology Cognition and Learning A Role of Biology 1 Classical Conditioning It is easier to learn associations that make sense for survival Food aversions can be acquired even if the Unconditioned Response nausea does NOT immediately follow the neutral stimulus When acquiring food aversions during pregnancy or illness the body associates nausea with whatever food was eaten 2 Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning encounters biological tendencies and limits that are difficult to override i e Can a pigeon be trained to dive underwater No but a dolphin can B Role of Cognitive Processes 1 In Classical Conditioning III IV Conditioned responses can alter attitudes even when we know the change is caused by conditioning However knowing that our reactions are caused by condition gives us the option of mentally breaking the association When the dog salivates at the bell it may be due to cognition learning to predict even expect the food 2 In Operant Conditioning Expectation as a cognitive skill is even more evident in the ability of humans to respond to delayed reinforcers such as a paycheck Humans can set behavior goals for self and others and plan their own reinforcers In fixed interval reinforcement animals do more target behaviors responses around the time that the reward is more likely as if expecting the reward 3 Latent Learning Refers to skills or knowledge gained from experience but not apparent in behavior until rewards are given Rats appear to form cognitive maps They can learn a maze just by wandering with no cheese to reinforce their learning learning just to learn in a sense Evidence of these cognitive maps is revealed once the cheese is placed somewhere in the maze After only a few trials these rats quickly catch up in maze solving to rats who were rewarded with cheese all along Learning Rewards and Motivation A Intrinsic Motivation refers to the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake The reward is internalized as a feeling of satisfaction B Extrinsic Motivation refers to doing a behavior to receive rewards from others Intrinsic Motivation can sometimes be reduced by external rewards and can be prevented by using continuous reinforcement One principle for maintaining behavior is to use as few rewards as possible and fade them out over time Learning by Observation Observational Learning Learning by observing others Modeling Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Mirror Neurons Frontal lobe neurons the fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so This may enable imitation language learning and empathy A Bandura s Experiments Bandura s Bobo doll study indicated that individuals children learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments B Applications of Observational Learning 1 Positive Observational Learning Fortunately prosocial positive helpful models may have prosocial effects 2 Negative Observational Learning Children who are exposed to violent television videos and video games express increased aggression