What is it?3) Locus of controlNature (biological) explanationNurture (environmental) explanationPSYC 100 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 - 10Lecture 2 (January 23)What is Psychology?Scope, Population and Method of Inquiry.- Scope: What kinds of things psychologists study, what questions do they ask? Examples include: Color vision, states of consciousness, motivation, helping behaviors, phobias, development and personality.- Population: What organisms do psychologists study? Examples include: Humans and Animals- Method of Inquiry: How do psychologists study it? Examples include: Observations, Survey, Experiment and Case studiesText DefinitionPsychology is the science of behavior and mental processes with behavior being any observable things we do and mental processes being our internal, subjective experiences.Big Issues in Psychology1.Conscious vs. Unconscious- How much is driven by our conscious and unconscious mind?2.Free will vs. Determinism- How much is our behavior and thoughts under our self-control?3.Individual Differences vs. Universal- What makes us similar or different?4.Nature vs. Nurture- Are we smart or not smart due to our genetic coding or upbringing?Perspectives in Psychology1.Neuroscience- How does the brain/biology effect behavior?2.Evolutionary- How does behavior/mental processes promote survival?3.Behavior Genetics- How much do genes vs. environment affect who we are?4.Psychodynamic- How do conscious/unconscious conflicts determine behavior?5.Behavioral- How do our experiences and environment affect behavior?6.Socio-cultural- How do behavior/thinking vary across situations/cultures?Lecture 3 (January 25) Why do we need psychological science? Overconfidence: People tend to be more confident than correct and think they know more than they really do. Hindsight bias: After an outcome, people tend to believe they could have predicted it.Research MethodsDescriptive Research: What is the nature of the phenomenon? Case study- The examination of one person in depth to understand human nature in general. Observational Research- Researcher observes people and systematically records measurements of their behavior. Unobtrusive: Study or research conducted without intrusion. Participant: Becoming a part of the group you are studying. Survey Research- Using questionnaires to ask lots of people to report their behavior.Lecture 4 (January 30)Descriptive Research: What is the nature of the phenomenon? Correlational Research- From knowing X can we predict Y? Positive Correlation Negative Correlation No Correlation Experimental Research- Is variable X a cause of variable Y? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control  Random AssignmentStatistics Mode: Most often reported Mean: Average score Median: Middle score Range: From lowest to highest score Statistical significance: Statistics have determine that the two groups you are looking at are different from one another.Nervous SystemNeuron Structure: Dendrite: Sends signals to other neurons. Cell body: Metabolizes things. Axon: Sends signals to other neurons and effector cells. Myelin Sheath: Protective casing for axon that increases the speed of transmission. Axon Terminal Vesicles: Stores and eventually releases enzymes called neurotransmitters. Synapse: Small space between the axon of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell. Receptor sites: Locations on the dendrite of the next neuron where neurotransmitters bind and the whole process begins anew.Lecture 5 (February 4)How do neurons communicate? Neurons communicate chemically within a neuron and electrically between neuron.Action Potential (steps)1. Neuron is in resting state.2. Dendrite is stimulated- Positive ions flow into the cell.3. Threshold is reached.- Action potential is trigger, neuron fires.4. Action potential moves down the axon.5. Action potential reaches the terminal vesicles.6. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.7. Neurotransmitters bind with receptors on the dendrite of the next neuron.8. Process starts in the next cell- Neurotransmitters can excite the next neuron or inhibit the next neuron from firing an action potential.9. Refractory occurs in first cell where the cell is briefly unable to fire.- Reuptake occurs where excess neurotransmitters are taken back for reuse in the axon of the neuron that released them.10. Neuron returns to resting state.Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine- Associated with movement, learning and memory.- Very low levels can cause Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Endorphins- Associated with natural pain relief and take away the pain in the moment of injury- Very low levels cause depression Serotonin- Associated with food, sleep, hunger and arousal- Very low levels cause depression Dopamine- Associated with movement, learning, attention and emotion- Low levels cause Parkinson’s- High levels causes Schizophrenia GABA- Associated with inhibition- Low levels cause anxiety disordersThe Effect of Drugs on Neurotransmitters1. Agonists: Mimic the action of neurotransmitters2. Antagonists: Block the action of the neurotransmittersTypes of Neurons1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent) Transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous.2. Motor Neurons (Efferent) Communicate information from the nervous system to muscles and glands.3. Interneurons Connect sensory and motor neurons, carry messages between the two.Central Nervous SystemSpinal Cord Reflexes are directly associated with the spinal cord. Stimuli is directly fed to the spinal cord and causes an immediate response.Phrenology Study of size of bumps on the skull of human being.Neuroimaging CAT scan- X ray of the brain MRI- Brain bombarded with radio waves to induce a naturally occurring magnetic field which allow active areas of the brain to produce different magnetic fields than inactive areas. PET scan- Inject brain with radioactive glucose to make active areas of the brain to glow.Brain LobesFrontal LobesFunction: Associated with strategic behaviorMotor Cortex Associated with movementParietal LobeSensory Cortex Associated with sensationOccipital LobeFunction: Associated with vision.Temporal LobeFunction: Associated with auditory behavior and memoryHemispheric DifferencesLeft hemisphere of brain associated with analytical processing and Right hemisphere of brain associated holistic processing. Lecture