PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSThe Middle AgesPSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSDescriptions are lacking/changingMOOD DISORDERSWomen – 3 times more likely to try (pills)Men – 2 times more successful suicides (guns)What is a Manic Episode?Up side to maniaDown side to maniaMOOD DISORDERSCauses of mood disorders…Bipolar Disorders1. Biological BasisANXIETY DISORDERSSocial PhobiaAgoraphobiaFear of being in a situation you can’t escapeANXIETY DISORDERSConcern with germs/disease/cleanlinessConcern with exactnessDebatePsychological basis?Biological basis?Frontal Lobes are active when in an anxious statePSYCHOTIC DISORDERSSchizophrenia – the big oneOnsetSymptomsPSYCHOTIC DISORDERSCauses of SchizophreniaShattering of personal identity into 2 or more separate but co-existing personalitiesEATING DISORDERS – Only disorder that can kill youFactsCauses?OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY –MILGRAM STUDYDef: people interacting with each other, and are interdependent (same goals, rely on each other)PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR - HELPINGPro-Social BehaviorEgoistic HelpingAltruismWHEN WILL WE HELP?Bystander Intervention modelDiffusion of ResponsibilityWhy?When we don’t implement helpPSYCH 100 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 25 - 31Lecture 25 (April 10)PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSHistorical overview of views on mental illness:The Middle Ages Not thought of as an illness but rather…o Seen as witcheso Seen as prophets1700-1900s Europe Recognized Mental illness as a problem Placed in hospitalso Nothing like current facilitieso Chains, tours1790’s France Treatment more civilized Fresh air1800-1900’s USA Fresh air concept lives on… Encouraged Rest/relaxationo Spa – like facilitiesCurrent world-view: Research Diagnostic Criteria to classify disordersPSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSClassification of Disorders:DSM IV-TR – Handbook w/ basic organization of disorders2 major clusters of disorders:1. AXIS I – Syndromes, usually come and go (not all) Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Psychotic Disorders Dissociative Disorders Eating Disorders2. AXIS 11 – Pervasive, once you get it, it’s yours to keep Personality DisordersDiagnosis of Disorders: Descriptions of symptoms and behaviors Must have certain number of these symptoms = diagnosis (checklist of criteria)Problems: Descriptions are lacking/changing Patients aren’t sure of many symptomsMOOD DISORDERS1. Major Depression Must have many symptoms for at least 2 weeks Must affect your ability to conduct your lifeSymptoms: Depressed mood Suicidal thoughts Tearfulness Change in appetite: (more OR less) Change in weight: (more OR less) Lack of interest in normal activities Change in sleep pattern (more OR less) Low energy levelOther Points: This combination of symptoms is very unpleasant –o Purposeless, underwater, jet lagged- Suicideo Women – 3 times more likely to try (pills)o Men – 2 times more successful suicides (guns)2. Dysthymia Mildest form of depression Still able to conduct life Diagnosis: Must have mild symptoms for at least 2 years3. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Experience depression only during times of decreased light o Wintertime in NEo Prevalent in Alaska – long winter, little lighto Prevalent in Seattle – lots of cloudy daysTreatment Sit in front of UV lights for several hrs/days Melatonin – sleep hormone4. Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive)Combines:Depressive episodes → Manic episodes (and repeat)What is a Manic Episode?Symptoms: Racing thoughts Feelings of omnipotence Pressured speech Needs significantly less sleep Lack inhibitions High Energy – Can NOT sit still Promiscuity Spending sprees, gamblingUp side to mania Can get lots of work done; very creative timeDown side to mania Hard to manage; can lead to trouble with the lawMOOD DISORDERSCauses of mood disorders…Depressive disorders:1. Biological Basis Braino Lack of serotonino Treat with SSRI’s (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) Genetic componento If a relative has it, it increases your odds2. Environmental triggers Stress as work, loss of loved on, fail a course can trigger a depressive episodeBipolar Disorders1. Biological Basis- Genetic component (large)o Very heritable- Braino Responds well to medication (but we don’t know why) – Lithium, depacote, neurotonin.Lecture 26 (April 13)ANXIETY DISORDERSGeneral symptoms:  Anxiety in some form that is persistent – long lasting  Intense – severe Maladaptive behaviors to reduce it Types of Anxiety Disorders:1. Phobias – fear in which interferes with one’s lifeSpecific phobias: Fear is focused on some object, situation or behavior Develops from o A past evento Irrational – no cause Ex: Snakes, blood, dogs, heights, elevators, flyingSocial Phobia Fear of humiliation or embarrassment in front of otherso Won’t attend social eventso Won’t speak out in class etc.Agoraphobia Fear of being in a situation you can’t escape o Never leaves homeANXIETY DISORDERS2. Panic Disorder Has extreme attacks of anxiety coming from out of the blue Anxiety attacks: Severe sympathetic NS arousalo Racing heart, sweaty palms, feel like you can’t breatheo Last for a few moments – feels like forever3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) A continual overanxious stateo A worried tense, concerned above and beyond what is appropriateo Arousal of sympathetic nervous system (at lower levels – break out in a sweat etc.)4. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Obsessions Repetitive, disturbing thoughts or images that you can NOT controlCompulsions Repetitive behaviors you do to try to alleviate the thoughtsCommon ones:-Concern with germs/disease/cleanliness- Ex: normal to wash hand once before eating NOT 40 times a day until they bleed- Concern that something bad will happen if you don’t do repetitive rituals- Ex: normal to check if you locked your door once NOT check it 10 times after you go to bed-Concern with exactness- Ex: Must chew each bite of food 17 time (not 16, not 18)Causes of Anxiety Disorders:DebatePsychological basis? Most people think that these disorders reflect some event that occurred which is internalized Learned from classical conditioning  Ex: your plane hits bad turbulence, now seeing a place elicits fearLearned from observation Ex: you see a movie about a plane crash, now you fear flying because you think you could dieBiological basis?