Psych 100 1st EditionLecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. NewbornsII. Infancy and Childhooda. Cognitive DevelopmentOutline of Current Lecture I. Infancy and Childhood a. Social Developmenti. Attachmentii. Parenting Stylesb. Moral DevelopmentCurrent LectureINFANCY AND CHILDHOODCognitive DevelopmentSTAGE 3: Concrete OperationalWhen: Age 7-12 Learns to apply logicSTAGE 4: Formal OperationalWhen: Age 12 on… Use logic, but can do abstract reasoning INFANCY AND CHILDHOODSocial DevelopmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ATTACHMENTWhat is it? A strong emotional bond infants develop with their caregivers.Strange Situation Test: The caregiver (mom) leaves the baby alone with a stranger for several minutes and then returns to the room with the baby. The stranger comes in later, the baby interacts and all, then mom leaves, its only stranger and baby- we study how the baby interacts with the stranger, and then how does it respond to the return of their mom.Styles of attachment1. SecureChild- May cry when separated, but then explores new place. When mom returns, they go to her.Parent- Knows when to support and when to let go.2. Avoidant/insecureChild- Doesn’t cry when left, acts like stranger is the parent, avoids mom on return.Parent- Cold, distant3.Ambivalent/insecureChild- Seeks mom when she leaves but when she returns fluctuates between seeking and rejecting momParent- Inconsistent treatment of child. Hot/cold4. Disorganized-disorientedChild – Shows inconsistent and contradictory behaviors towards parentsINFANCY AND CHILDHOODSocial DevelopmentLong term effects of attachment:1. Sociability2. Relationship stylesSecurely attached: Comfortable in relationships  Depend on partners Seek closeness Don’t fear abandonmentAvoidant/Insecure: Uncomfortable getting close to others Trust issues Won’t depend on partners Feel partner is too clingyAmbivalent/insecure Fears the others are reluctant to get close Worries that partner doesn’t love him/herINFANCY AND CHILDHOODSocial DevelopmentAnother factor in Attachment:Contact - comfort: Close physical contact between parents and child-Hugging, cuddling and caressingHarlow article- Monkey babies raised with surrogate mothers- 2 Surrogate mothers in cage: cloth vs. wire- Gp 1: cloth mother with milk and wire mother w/o milk- Gp 2: wire mother with milk and cloth mother w/o milkWho did the monkeys prefer?Gp 1? Chose the cloth mother – contact comfort and also the milk needs of the monkeyGp 2?Still chose the cloth mother – because they found contact comfort, and only sneakily went to the wire mother for food.INFANCY AND CHILDHOODSocial DevelopmentPARENTING STYLES:1) Authoritarian - High demands/low responsiveness-Rules based parenting-Kids must obey or be punished-No explanations for punishment given2) Permissive - low demands/high responsiveness-Warm parenting style-No rules/kids do as they please-Never holds kid responsible for actions3) Authoritative - high demands/high responsiveness-Sets rules and enforces them -Explains why rules exist-Discusses choice and consequences with kids4) Uninvolved – low demands/low responsiveness-Shows little if any interests in children-No rules/kidsTraditional parenting styles – Ones listed aboveNew parenting styles – Tiger parentsMORAL DEVELOPMENTKohlberg’s States of Moral Development1. Pre-conventional (To age 9)- Morality is judged on consequences- Good behaviors are rewarded (Tailor rewarded for turning in criminal)- Bad behaviors are punished (Tailor punished for not turning in criminal)Ex.:-Tailor rewarded for turning in criminal-Tailor punished for not turning in criminal2. Conventional (early adolescence)- Morality is judged on laws and rules of society- Aware of the complexities of social order- Want to please others by being a good member of society.Ex.:- We must respect the written law- Everyone will think you are just as criminal if you don’t turn him in3. Post conventional (late adolescence/adulthood)- Morality is judged in terms of abstract values/ethics rather than existing societal laws.- Certain personal rights transcend the lawEx.: -If the tailor believed that VJ is a good person, he should not be forced to turn him in to the