Psyc 100 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Learninga. Classical Conditioningb. Operant ConditioningOutline of Current Lecture I. Learninga. Operant Conditioningi. Behavior Consequence Relationshipsb. 3 Stages In Learning New Behaviorsc. Observational LearningCurrent LectureOPERANT CONDITIONINGBehavior - Consequence RelationshipsReinforcement - a consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior happening again1. Positive reinforcement – Addition of a positive stimulus (consequence) to produce and increase behavior Ex: I will give you $10 for every “A” on your report card2. Negative reinforcement – Removal of a negative stimulus (consequence) to produce and increase behavior Ex: I will remove one chore from your list for every “A” on your report cardPunishment - a consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of a behavior happening againThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Positive Punishment – Addition of a negative stimulus (consequence) to eliminate or decrease a behavior Ex: A parent spanks a child for biting his sister4. Negative Punishment – Removal of a positive stimulus (consequence) to eliminate or decrease a behavior. Ex: A parent takes away a child’s favorite toy when he bites his sisterHOW TO PRODUCE OPERANT LEARNING1. Random luck2. SHAPING Shaping by successive approximation: Reward behavior for little steps towards the desired end behavior In class activity: Using reinforcement and punishment to cause an action between Ben and Fitzy (Ben’s task is to serenade Fitzy without the class saying a word). Ex: My summer tennis lessons Rewards me (GOOD!) for getting the ball toss correct Rewards me for rotating my racket properly etc. 3 STAGES IN LEARNING NEW BEHAVIORS1. Acquisition Initial learning of the new behavioral unit Ex: Learning Spanish in school2. Maintenance How often a learned response is produced and reinforced Ex: Speaking Spanish in Spain on semester abroad3. Extinction Gradual decrease in behavior when reinforcement is removed Ex: Back in USA, slowly forget SpanishREINFORCEMENTTypes of Reinforcement1. Primary Reinforcers Ex: Food, water, sex (born understanding these are necessary)2. Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers Ex: Money (learn the nature with experience)Social Reinforcers (A type of secondary reinforcer) Ex: Affection, attention, praise ( kids screaming in school and laugh at each other so theycontinue the behavior)PUNISHMENTTammy has: 1. Stuck a knife in an electric toaster and got shocked2. Ran a stop sign and bashed into a car3. Ran with scissors and fell and stabbed herself in the legPositive Punishment: Addition of a negative stimulus (consequence) to eliminate or decrease a behaviorNegative punishment: Removal of a positive stimulus (consequence) to eliminate or decrease a behavior.Why punish?1. Very effective at reducing the punished behavior2. Very fast at reducing the behavior3. Proper punishment can produce a permanent elimination of a behaviorProblems with Punishment Escape (Suicide can be an ultimate getting away from a punishment) Aggression (People who are getting aggressed upon wants to aggress back) Abuse (Punishment can be clearly abuse)OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING1. Indirect experiential learning Not all learning has to occur from direct experience, especially with humans. Q: While at a formal dinner party you notice there are 5 different forks. Which do you use? How do you figure it out? A: You look and see what others are doing and imitate them3. Modeling The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Bandura and the BoBo doll
View Full Document
Unlocking...