Psych 100 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Behavioral Geneticsa. Twins Studiesi. Combination studiesb. Adoption StudiesII. Environmenta. Early environment b. Parentsc. Peersd. CultureIII. GenderIV. ConclusionsOutline of Current Lecture I. NewbornsII. Infancy and Childhooda. Cognitive DevelopmentCurrent LectureNEWBORNSReflexes- Abilities needed for survival Rooting – Touch a newborn’s cheek with your fingers and she will turn and start sucking thinking she will be fed nutrients Blinking – Flash lights or wave your hand in your newborns eyes and he will blink Moro – Hold an infant and drop him slightly and he will reach with his hand and legsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Grasping – Put your fingers in a newborn’s hand and she will grab it Stepping – Hold your newborn upright, slightly off the floor and they will make walking movements (they will lose this ability if not exercised)Preferences – Newborns will stare at things they like longer Human voices – Born preferring their mother’s voice to any other voice (Develop hearingat 24 weeks in utero) Faces/face like images – Prefers mother’s face over any other Mother’s sound – Prefers mother’s voice because newborn has heard mother’s voice while in the womb Mother’s smell – Prefers mother’s smell over any otherWHY? 1) Baby needs food 2) Baby needs comfort Evolution!NEWBORNSWhich figure do you think babies prefer (stare at longer)?? Baby will look at the left picture because it looks like a faceINFANCY AND CHILDHOODCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTPIAGET’S Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentBackground: Psychologist who had kids and studied them for psychological research What is a stage theory?1. Humans move through predictable stages2. They move from stage to stage at certain ages3. Order is unchangingBasic assumption: Children are active thinkers who try to construct more accurate/advanced understandingof the world. Babies change their view of the world by interacting with things in the world.How do children construct knowledge?1) Assimilation Schemas – Knowledge category about different objects and actions (what we’re supposed to do in a classroom, what cats look like)2) AccommodationEx. Child has “Cat schema” -> 4 legs, fury, small animal Sees squirrel -> Assimilation -> calls it “cat” Sees a lot of squirrels -> accommodation -> now schema for “squirrels” (bushy tails etc.)Ex. You have many “flavor schemas” -> vanilla, cherry, mud Australian candy demo: Taste lifesaver -> Assimilation -> this flavor is “?” People in Australia taste this all the time -> Accommodation Schema for -> MUSKPIAGET’S Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentSTAGE 1: Sensorimotor StageWhen: Birth to 2 years What is it: Stage where child learns relationships between actions and the real world (cause and effect)Things that happen during this stage: Motor activities – Interaction with the world at that age Object permanence – The ability to perceive objects as infinite when not in sight Attachment (Stranger anxiety) -PIAGET’S Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentSTAGE 2: PreoperationalWhen: 2 years – 7 yearsWhat is it: Stage where child acquires the ability to form mental images of objects and events and can represent the world with words (language develops).Things that happen during this stage: Symbolic play – Play becomes different now (Ex. blocks can be cars) Egocentrism – Thinking everyone sees the world as you do, cannot see the world likeanother person can (Ex. Anything the child likes the adult SHOULD like also because they can only see from their perspective) Lack Conservatism – Lacking the ability to distinguish mass, amount and distance between objects (Ex. Tall skinny glad and short wide glass comparing water levels) Can’t use logic yet or do mental
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