PSYCH 100 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Research Methods (Cont.)a. Correlational Researchb. ExperimentationII. Statistical significance in psychologyIII. Neuronsa. StructureOutline of Current Lecture I. Neuronsa. CommunicationII. NeurotransmittersIII. Drugsa. Effect on neural communicationIV. Types of NeuronsV. Central Nervous Systema. Spinal Cordb. Braini. Structure and functionii. Localization of functionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Hemispheric DifferenceVI. NeuroimagingCurrent LectureNEURONS: COMMUNICATIONHow do neurons communicate?1. How does information travel within a neuron?-Information moves from the dendrite down the axon.2. How is information passed from one neuron to the next?-Messages are passed from one neuron to the next with electrical impulses.NEURONS: communication - WITHINACTION POTENTIAL1) All neurons have a resting state (-70 mv)2) Dendrite is stimulated  Positive ions flow into the cell until…3) Threshold is reached (-65 mv) Action potential is triggered (all-or-nothing) 4) Wave moves down the axon5) Wave reaches the terminal vesiclesNEURONS: communication - BETWEEN5) Wave reaches the terminal vesicles6) Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse7) NTs bind with receptors on dendrite of next neuron8) Process starts in the next cell NTs can: Excite the next neuron  Inhibit the next neuronRefractory period – Brief period when the neuron is unable to fire again• Reuptake occurs: excess NTs are taken back for reuse in the axon of the neuron that released them• Axon returns to resting state of -70mvNEUROTRANSMITTERSAcetylcholine-Associated with movement, learning and memory-Very low levels cause Alzheimer’s and DementiaEndorphins-Associated with natural pain relief and take away the pain in the moment of injury-Ex. Eating chocolate, athletics, stress, cracking knuckles (releases endorphins)Serotonin-Associated with food, sleep, hunger, arousal-Very low levels cause depressionDopamine-Associated with movement, learning, attention, emotion-High levels cause Schizophrenia-Low levels cause Parkinson’s -Important neurotransmitterGABA-Inhibitory neurotransmitter rather than excitatory-Low levels cause anxiety disorders-Eating, sleepingDRUGS - effect on neural communicationDrugs can have two effects:1. Agonists – Mimic the action of neurotransmitters Binds at neurotransmitter sites (receptor sites) Blocks reuptake of neurotransmitter (leaving more) Counteracts enzymes that clean out synapse Ex. Valium/Xanax (GABA); Prozac/Zolaft (Serotonin)2. Antagonists – Block the action of the NT Blocks NT sites Destroys NT (leaving less) Decreases effectiveness of the NT Ex. Haldol (Dopamine)TYPES OF NEURONS1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent)-Transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system.2. Motor Neurons (Efferent)-Communicate information from the nervous system to muscles and glands.3. Interneurons-Connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two.Example: Mosquito lands on your arm.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMSPINAL CORD Certain emergency messages lead to very fast responseQ: How?A: Reflexes: Skip the brain Info is fed up and down the spinal cord only- Fast response- Poor motor controlEx. - Step on something in the middle of the nightCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-BRAINConnection between brain and behavior - What does what??????Early Theory: PHRENOLOGY- Does size matter? What is it?-Tried to relate behavior to bumps on the skull-Bumps on back of head above neck relate to sexual assertiveness-Bumps below temples relate to greedProblems with Phrenology:1. Shape of brain and skull don’t always match2. It was difficult to falsify Q: John isn’t greedy but he has big greedy bumps. Why? A: Maybe he has an even bigger non greedy bump somewhere.3. Can’t “see” the brain or its activityNEUROIMAGINGCAT scan -X-Ray of the Brain-Takes pictures in slices of the brain-Shows abnormal structures, légions, holes, or tumorsMRI-Bombard your brain with radio waves, which affects the naturally occurring magnetic field of your brain-Active areas produce different magnetic fields that inactive areas.-Nondrinker has more brain activity compared to a drinker’s brain activityPET scan-Inject with radioactive glucose-Active areas in the brain use the glucose, and glow -Listen to music and asked: Is music good?-Subjective judgment increases brain activity-Listen to music and asked: Follow the notes?-Analytical judgment decreases brain activityBRAIN: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONRegion Associated BehaviorBRAINSTEM:medulla oblongataponsreticular formation-breathing, heart rate, etc.-pathway from spinal cord to higher brain-sleep/wake; arousalcerebellum « littlebrain »-coordination, movement, balancethalamus, hypothalamus -switchboards for the brainlimbic system:amygdala hippocampus -emotion -memoryCerebral Cortex -sensation, movement and all higher-order behaviorsBRAIN: CEREBRAL CORTEXFRONTAL LOBESFunctions: strategic behavior - Ex. Categorization emotional behavior – Ex. Phinneus Gage (Pole through head)Contains the…Motor Cortex Sends information out to the body – When a certain part of the brain is stimulated you will involuntarily move your wrist. Related to movementPARIETAL LOBE Contains the…Sensory Cortex Receives incoming information – when a certain part of the brain is stimulated you will feel for example itching on the skin. Related to sensationOCCIPITAL LOBEFunctions: VisionTEMPORAL LOBE Functions: Auditory behavior language – when a stroke occurs language is tampered with memoryLOCALIZATION OF FUNCTIONReading a written word:1) retina2) optic nerve3) through diencephalon (LGN)4) visual cortex (parietal lobe)5) Temporal lobe6) Wernicke's Area (comprehension)7) Broca's Area (speaking)8) Motor Cortex9) Lungs, vocal cords, mouth, lips, etc.10) Auditory system becomes activated and provides feedbackHEMISPHERIC DIFFERENCESLeft Rightlogic emotionspeechanalytical MusicArtisticCorpus Callosum - membrane that connects/divides halvesLeft:  analytical processing – strategic, facts, analytical Right: holistic processing – feeling, imagination Left side of the brain  right side of body Right side of the