However…Three skills:Are ESP phenomenon reliable?Why do we believe?Psyc 100 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. SensationII. PerceptionOutline of Current Lecture I. Perceptiona. Depth Perceptionb. Perceptual AdaptationII. Learninga. Classical ConditioningCurrent LectureDEPTH PERCEPTION – Monocular cuesMonocular cues Can be perceived with one eye only The brain just makes use of the information that exists in the environmentExamples:1) Interposition – If A blocks B, then A must be closer2) Relative Size – If 2 items are similar in appearance, then the one that “looks” smaller is farther away3) Clarity – Clearer is closer4) Texture gradient – Coarse is closer, smoother is farther away5) Relative height – Things higher in our field of vision are perceived as further away6) Relative motion - Motion parallax – Things that are further away move more slowly7) Linear perspective – Parallel lines converge in the distanceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.8) Relative brightness - Light and shadow – Closer things are brighter; If A casts shadow on B, then A is in front of BPERCEPTION: Perceptual Adaptation1. We humans are quite consistent We all fall prey to the same illusion errorsHowever…2. We are highly adaptive to changing environments If some fundamental change in the environment occurs, we can adapt quickly.ESP – Extra Sensory Perception???Three skills:1) Telepathy – Reading another’s mind2) Clairvoyance – Perceiving remote events (past)3) Pre-recognition – Perceiving future eventsAre ESP phenomenon reliable?1) Published psychics – 1 in 243 are correct2) Police investigations – 1 in 100 are correct3) People’s dreams – No better than chance and Impossible to verifyWhy do we believe?1) Vivid experiences are very powerful. 2) Unaware of origin of our thoughts3) Chance occurrences 4) Illusion of personal control 5) Its sort of fun- None of this proves that ESP does not exist. LEARNING Any relatively permanent change in behavior produced by experience. Can be direct experience Can be indirect experienceAssociative Learning: A process in which you form associations between stimuli and other events By forming associations, we acquire new information and meaning and we behave differently.Ex.: I press the gas pedal -> the car moves forward I press the brake pedal -> the car stopsCLASSICAL CONDITIONINGThe Unconditioned Reflex1. Dog is hungry2. Dog sees food3. Dog salivatesFood SalivationUnconditional Reflex: Food Salivation(UCS) (UCR)1. Unconditioned Stimulus UCS: (Food) The aspect of the environment that generates a response automatically without learning2. Unconditioned Response UCR: (Salivating) The response evoked (not learned) by the USCharacteristics of the Unconditioned Reflex-Unconditioned - Stimulus and response occur naturally, hard wired-Stimulus - Starts the chain-Response – Ends the chain-Unconditioned reflex – A preexisting stimulus response connectionCLASSICAL CONDITIONINGThe Conditioned Reflex1. Dog is hungry2. Dog hears bell3. Dog sees food4. Dog Salivates Bell-Food SalivationFinally…Bell SalivationConditional Reflex: Bell Salivation(CS) (CR)1. Conditioned Stimulus CS: (Bell) Some aspect of the environment that we learn to respond to because it has been associated with an US (food)2. Conditioned Response CR: (Salivating) The response reliably evokes (learned) by the CSCharacteristics of the Conditioned Reflex-Conditioned – Connecting something new with the old US-US relationship- Conditioned reflex – A NEW stimulus connection we created by associating the bell with
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