Psyc 100 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I. Measuring IntelligenceII. Constructing Intelligence TestsOutline of Current Lecture I. Extremes of Intelligencea. High endb. Low endII. Nature Nurture aspectIII. Group differencesCurrent LectureTHE EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCEMental retardation - Low extreme: intellectual functioning that is considerably below average AND Difficulty in meeting demands of everyday life About 1% of the population More males than females (it could possibly be a genetic disposition)4 Categories of Mental Retardation:Mild (IQ 55-69) 6th grade Can support oneself (hold job)Moderate (40-54)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. 2nd grade level Can contribute to supporting oneselfSevere (25-39) Can learn to speak Can NOT be trained for a jobProfound (<25) Requires constant supervisionTHE EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCEIntellectually gifted - High extreme:o Person whose intelligence is far above average (130 or higher)Notes: These people tend to be very successful in school, occupations, socially, and health wise. But, high intelligence is no guarantee of successAnd, success comes to many people with IQs < 130WHERE DOES INTELLIGENCE COME FROM?NATURE VS. NURTURENature (Heredity)Several lines of research support the view that genes play an important role in human intelligence:o Family relationship and measured IQo Adopted Children studies – Comparing biological parents’ intelligence to adoptive parent’s intelligenceo Gene Studies – There are genes more prevalent in people who possess more intelligence than otherso Identical twins separated at birthNurture (Environnent)Genes are NOT the entire picture. Much research suggests that environmental variables are impt. Too.Flynn effect IQ test performance has steadily risen over the most recent decades. Worldwide effect.Why? (Nurture Issues) Internet/Computers Health/Nutrition More education TelevisionEnvironmental Enrichment/Deprivation Head start programs Huge cognitive difference between children that did not use the programWHERE DOES INTELLIGENCE COME FROM?NATURE VS. NURTUREConclusions:1. Both Genes and Environment contribute to intelligence2. Genes are likely to account for more BUT3. Does NOT mean that intelligence can not be changedGROUP DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE:BIAS IN IQ TESTINGRaceSome facts:1. There are sizable differences in average IQ scores of various ethnic groups in the USA and elsewhere Caucasian = 100 Hispanics = 93 African Americans = 852. Most psychologists believe that these group differences are due to environment, not geneticsEvidence for environmental factors causing race differences in IQ:1. Intelligence tests themselves might be biased against test takers of minority groups Biased in that IQ tests detects differences caused by environment (Culture –Free Test) Not biased in predictability (Validity)2. Genetic differences within a race are larger than genetic differences between two races3. Flynn Effect IQ’s have risen dring the last 50 years4. Black and white infants IQs They score equally on infant intelligence tests5. Stereotype threat research Minorities feel threatened by “intelligence tests”o I feel anxious because my group is expected to do well Minorities dis-identify with “being intellectual”o I won’t try because my group is not expected to do well6. Pygmalion effect Teachers treated students differently based on their
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