Class Discussion Digestion Digestion in mouth The Duodenum What happens here Digestion in intestine starchy rice Digestion in stomach 3 types of cells 1 2 3 digestion in the mouth amalayze begins to break down starch forms food ball bollus moves down the esophagus smooth muscle will contract and relax as it moves food and reaches stomach stomach fish protein digested first enzyme in stomach pepsin substrate fish protein amino acids The acidity of stomach juice chyme drops so when pancreatic juice is mixed bile from the liver is also released and mixes with the chime There are some digestive enzymes coming in and the pancreatic juice Zymogins inactive become active when enzyme 3 types of cellsparietal cells secrete HCL chief cells produce and secrete pepsinogen mucous cells produce mucous which lines your stomach and protects it digestion in the intestine sechum first part of the LI home to intestinal bacteria they can digest some plant fibers Macromolecul e Final digested monomers that are absorbed Location s of macromolecule digestion Names of enzymes that act on each macromolecule Answer the following questions from the video What s on my plate 1 List a few of the different types of foods that you find on shelves at the supermarket What are our choices 2 What is the difference between organic and non organic food Organic federally regulated Synthetic materials vs not Farm plan for organic 3 Can a genetically modified plant be organic 4 Can you use any pesticides on organic crops 5 How might one s budget influence what type of food they purchase 6 Does Dr Tom Irons attribute the changes we are seeing in young people to the hormones in milk that is not organic 7 How does Lowes foods feel about local food Why don t they supply all local food to their customers 8 How is local food defined 9 What are genetically modified crops How are they similar to conventionally bred crops 10 How do Dr Greg Copenhaver UNC scientist on panel and Dr Tom Irons doctor and health care provider on panel feel about genetically modified food 11 Do GMOs currently have any health benefits 12 Are there labeling requirements for GMOs 13 Are GMO seeds used to feed animals Class Discussion Digestion II 1 Comparing contrasting physical characteristics of germ free and conventionally raised mice Germ free skinnier mouse has no bacteria Conventionally raised bacteria in gut Visually Body composition Food consumption Digestion energy extraction from food Source of genes Germ free Skinny Low body fat Eat more Poor digestion Less energy Parents Conventionally raised Fatter than germ free Higher body fat Eat relatively less Better digestion More energy Parents bacterial genome What would happen if bacteria were added back to a germ free mouse The mouse would eat less and gain more weight 2 Our gut bacteria can be considered a second digestive system 3 Basic science example from Turnbaugh PJ 2008 Cell Host Microbe Can diet affect the structure and function of our gut microbial community Yes Experiment 1 Genetically identical mice with same gut microbial community were divided into one of the following diet groups GROUP A Normal mouse diet high fiber low fat and sugar GROUP B High sugar and fat diet Which group of mice gained the most weight Group B Which group of mice gained the most body fat Group B What happens to the gut microbial communities of these mice after 8 weeks Group 1 and 1a increased with the western diet and Group 2 increased with the high fiber diet bacteria of total community bacteria of total community Mouse food Bacteri al group 1 structural Gut microbial Wester n Bacteri al Normal mouse diet Group high fiber 2 group 1 75 Mouse Wester food Bacteria n l Group High fat sugar diet 1a 98 group 1 changes 20 group 2 2 group 1 use graphs above Preferred energy source of Group 2 Group 1 1a newly abundant bacteria Metabolic function of newly abundant bacteria What conclusions can you make on the effect of diet on the gut microbial community Group 1 bacteria will cause you to gain more weight Diet changes the micro composition in the gut Experiment 2 Germ free mice on the normal mouse diet high fiber received fecal transplants from mice on one of the following diets GROUP A Normal mouse diet high fiber low fat and sugar GROUP B High sugar and fat diet After 2 weeks The mice with the western microbiota gained the most weight the mice with the high fiber microbiota gained less weight Western bacteria was better at extracting nutrients weight gain After 8 weeks There will be an even bigger separation between the two and the western will have gained even more weight because the microbes are better at breaking down the food and extracting nutrients causing weight gain body fat C because they re eating mouse food and it will look more like the mouse food example overtime Donor Mouse food Amount of food eaten Amount of body fat Weight gain Energy harvesting capacity of gut microbiota Donor Wester Normal mouse diet n fiber high Donor Donor Mouse Weste food High sugar rn and fat diet How did a high fat high sugar diet change the function of the microbiota What do you think would happen in 6 weeks if the mice given the Western microbiota continued on the normal mouse diet use empty graph above What diet is more representative of the American diet How are these studies important in the search for successful treatments for obesity
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