PSYC 3303 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Sedative Hypnotic and Antianxiety DrugsII. Barbiturates A. EffectsIII. NonbarbituratesA. Antianxiety drugsB. PhobiasC. Chloral HydrateD. MethaqualoneIV. BenzodiazepinesOutline of Current Lecture V. Cross-tolerance vs Cross-dependenceVI. Mechanisms of ActionVII. Major Stimulants: CocaineA. Basic PharmacologyB. Mechanisms of ActionC. Absorption and EliminationD. Beneficial UseE. Causes for concernF. TreatmentCurrent LectureV. Cross-tolerance vs Cross-dependenceCross-Tolerance: tolerance that results from chronic use of one drug induces tolerance for another drug that has not been used before.Cross-dependence: When one drug can reduce withdrawal symptoms following discontinuation of another (substitute).E.g. Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines – molecular structure different but common mechanism of actionVI. Mechanisms of action:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.When benzodiazepines and barbiturates bind to receptors, they enhance the normally inhibitory effect of GABA (main inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS).VII. Major Stimulants: CocaineA. Basic Pharmacology (view Fig 4.1 pg 97):From cocoa leaves: - mixed with substance = cocaine paste (moderate concentration)- Processing = Cocaine Hydrochloride (injected/snorted, high concentration)- Hydrochloride removed = free-base, crack (smokable, high concentration)- Sensitization may occur (used to drug).- When sensitization occurs people may try “speedballs” (combination of cocaine and heroin.- Made in Colombia and Peru’ then transported to Texas up to New York. The closer to the beginning location the purer it is. Adulterines (can be very dangerous) are added to cocaine on the journey to north to make it more.- If try and cut supply –cost increase leads to increase in crime/people will switch to heroin (no simple solution)B. Mechanisms of Action:Blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.C. Absorption and Elimination:- Some cultures will chew or suck on cocaine leaves to decrease altitude sickness (if used this way – slow absorption and low blood levels)- Metabolized by enzymes in blood and liver.- Half life is approx. 1 hr (very short)- Half Life of major metabolites is approx. 8hrsD. Beneficial Use:Local anesthesia. To know if cocaine or heroin: try on tongue, if it becomes numb it is cocaine, ifbitter it is heroin. E. Causes for Concern:Acute toxicity vs Chronic toxicity:Acute:- CNS stimulation – convulsions – respiratory and cardiac arrest- Unpredictable toxic reactions- Allergic reactions- Combined with alcohol can form cocaethylene (more toxic than cocaine)Chronic:- Cocaine psychosis (similar to schizophrenia). If stop use – decrease symptomsDependency Potential:- Reinforcing Drug (want more for pleasurable effect) - Psychological dependence- Cocaine blues (depression, sleep etc.)- Boredom, decreased pleasure- CravingUsed to think it was not addictive because tested on rats, BUT cannot tell if rats experience boredom etc. Also, a drug was considered addictive only if physical withdrawal occurred (in the 60s).In mid 80s – more research conducted. Found abstinence issues (boredom etc.)Reproductive effects:- Major effect on fetus, symptoms appear in puberty (frontal lobe)- Does not enhance sex pleasure (become unable to function sexually because can no longer feel pleasure. Feel pleasure just by taking drug).F. Treatment:- When overdose: Propranolol (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) for heart and blood pressure.- Psychosis: haloperidol- Seizures: valium- During withdrawal: antidepressant drugs- Control depression to prevent trying cocaine- Therapy, support, screeningWe are not sure why there is relapse to
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