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UT Arlington PSYC 3303 - Nervous System
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PSYC 3303 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Physical and Psychological DependenceA. Define AddictionB. Positive and Negative ReinforcementsII. Drug – Violence ConnectionIII. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)IV. Introducing NeuronsOutline of Current Lecture V. Gross Anatomy of NeuronA. Neural Conduction and Synaptic TransmissionB. Conduction of Action PotentialC. NeurotransmittersVI. Nervous SystemA.CentralB.PeripheralVII. Brain FunctionCurrent LectureNote: Test will be factual based for this chapterV. Gross Anatomy of NeuronA. Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission:Neuron function: Receive, process, and transmit infoDendrites: receive infoCell Body: Integrates all inputs (temporal and SpatialAxon: transmits info (carries messages)Synaptic knobs: At end of axonsTransmission uses 2 properties: Electrical and ChemicalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Resting Membrane Potential: charge difference across the cell membrane when cell at rest. Distribution of charged particles inside vs outside of cell. Inside (-70mv). Volt charge inside relative to outside. More positive outside (concentration gradient). At rest has charge - ready to work. Can be measured with electrodes.What does polarized cell do? Info comes in, If it is deemed of sufficient importance - action potential – flow positive charged in cell. If “0” – dead.Retina photoreceptors: Specialized neurons send info for processingAuditory: same but with wave action.If shut down – conduction failureB. Conduction of Action Potential:From negative to positive.Unmyelinated vs Myelinated axons:Unmyelinated: passive mechanism, just flows (like a fan wave at a baseball game), slowMyelinated: JUMPS from region to region, increased speed of travel, don’t have to reproduce signal, faster (100m x second)BALANCE of speed and space. (Myelinated takes more space)MS (Multiple Sclerosis): loss myelin sheath – conduction failure, signal does not get to brain Action potential: Nerve impulses reach synaptic knobs, chemicals (neurotransmitters) released and let into synapse bind with receiving receptors that need to match, like key into lock (receptor binding). OR reuptake occurs.Reuptake: neurotransmitter returns form receptor site to synaptic knob (recycle chemicals).Drugs will change the way the chemicals are released or block the reuptake, hence concentration of chemical increases (cocaine)C. Neurotransmitters:- Acetylcholine: Influences arousal, attention, learning and memory. Deficiency of it has been linked to Alzheimer’s. You cannot administer more of it because the part of thebrain where it could be injected into starts to disappear in those patients. Curare – Competes with Acetylcholine. Causes paralysis and death.- Norepinephrine: Regulates mood states. Excitatory. In sympathetic autonomic nervous system and many regions of brain.- Dopamine: Connected to drug use because it is a positive reward mechanism (addiction). Influences motor and emotional behavior. Depletion of it results in Parkinson’s disease. ELDOPA medication good only for a while, body gets used to it. Surgery available. Too much dopamine – schizophrenia (cocaine – increases dopamine sosome cocaine users may experience similar to schizophrenia).- Serotonin: mood states (depression + SSRI, LSD stimulates release)- GABA: main inhibitory system. Reduces stress and anxiety (valium, antianxiety, ALCOHOL)- Endorphins Opiates – inhibits pain transmission. (morphine-like)IV. Nervous SystemA. Central:-brain-spinal cordB. Peripheral:-Autonomic vs Somatic: Somatic controls muscles and external sensory organs (skin) and we cancontrol it. Autonomic controls breathing, blood vessels etc., we cannot consciously control it. Autonomic isdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. If sympathetic activation – expand energy, are on alert, ready to fight or flight, breath faster, stop digestion etc. Eg. Amphetamine – bigger pupil. Parasympathetic does opposite, kicks in when calm and want to reserve energy. Eg. Narcotics – smaller pupil. Marijuana causes peripheral side-effects. Lie detectors function by measuring these bodily functions.VII. Brain FunctionBrain Stem is in hindbrain, medulla is in hindbrain. The medulla is extremely important, if damaged – die. Vital reflexes are controlled here (breathing, blood pressure etc. ) There are many nerves and neurons here that monitor oxygen intake. When overdose occurs (by alcohol, depressants) it shuts down action of cells so breathing problems occur – death. Cerebellum(also in hindbrain) controls balance and when consuming alcohol it influences (because it is a depressant) this part of the brain, therefore we lack


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