PSYCH 3303 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7-10Lecture 7 (September 16th )History:Fill in the Blank:Tobacco was introduced to Europe in __1__, originated in North and South America and was brought to Europe by Columbus. Originally used for ____2____ and ___3____ (Inhaling through nose then sneeze it out).In the 19th Century the most popular form of tobacco use was ___4____ and ___5___ smoking. In the 1900s cigarettes started becoming popular after much campaigning. Up to the 60s it was considered the “thing” to do, everybody did it (____6___ players publicized it too).In ___7__-Surgeon General Reports link between cancer, serious diseases and tobacco changed some things BUT tobacco companies started marketing it in ways that people would still buy it.Tobacco companies started advertising use of ___8____, low-__9___, low-nicotine cigarettes. But people smoked more of those to compensate.In the __10____ laws started to be implemented for smoke-free zones in restaurants and public places but was not yet completely smoke-free.Answers:1) 15592) pipe smoking3) Snuffing4) Chewing5)Cigar Smoking6)Baseball7) 19648) filtered9)Tar10) 1990sToday:Fill in the blank:All commercial places are ___1__ smoke-free.There has been a ___2___ in tobacco use ever since, caused by societal pressure (outcaster) and____3___, making it very expensive to keep up the habit.In 1998 - $246 __4___ were given to states by the tobacco companies to pay for all the people using government ____5___ to cure cancers and diseases caused by tobacco use. The States (aside from __6___ and __7____) eventually allocated money to other things and not to the programs they were supposed to. In __8___ – more regulations. The “Tobacco Control Act” was put in place. According to this Act,any product that has been changed since __9___ cannot be sold without __10__ review.1)completely2)decline3) federal taxes4) billion5) hospitals6) Alaska7) North Dakota8) 20099)200710)FDAQuestions:What is in tobacco and what do these substances do? What is Titration Hyposthesis?Answers:- Nicotine: Addictive. Cause tolerance and physical withdrawal. Strong craving to return totobacco after quitting. TITRATION HYPOSTHESIS: Smokers will adjust their smoking of cigarettes to maintain a steady dose of nicotine input in body.- Carbon Monoxide: Odorless toxic gas. Competes with oxygen. Prevents nutrients from being transported from lungs to rest of body. Number one cause for cardiovascular disease caused by smoking.- Tar: Sticky and gets trapped on throat and impedes ciliary function which prevents elimination of carcinogens that eventually end up in the lungs and cause cancer.Questions:How does the body absorb nicotine? Is it fast or slow? What is its half-life?Answers:Inhaled nicotine from smoking is absorbed very quickly and quickly reaches the blood through the blood-brain barrier (the effects are immediate). The elimination process is also fast – by time cigarette is finished the body is already breaking down nicotine (in liver). It’s half-life is 2 to 3 hrs.QuestionsWhat is the primary effect of tobacco use? Other effects? Health concequences?Answers:Primary effect is to stimulate CNS receptors sensitive to acetylcholine (nicotinic receptors).Effects of this process: - Release adrenaline- Increase blood pressure- Inhibit hungerhealth consequences of tobacco use:- Coronary Heart Disease (Cardiovascular)- Lung cancer- Stroke- Bronchitis- Emphysema (enlargement of air sacs in lungs, causes difficulty breathing)- Secondary, sidestream smoke hazardous (Easily crosses placenta barrier and In fetuses may cause premature death, low birth weight)Study Pie chart pg. 258 Fig 10.1 and 10.2Questions:When was a male increase in lung cancer reported? In 2011 What % of people 12 and older smoked a cigarette in the past month. What is the peak year to start smoking? What are the dangers of smokeless tobacco?Answers:Male increase in lung cancer in 1990-1995 (started smoking in the 60s)In 2011 22% of people aged 12 and over smoked a cigarette in the past month (qualifying them as smokers).Peak year for starting to smoke has been reported as 7th grade. (between 80 and 90% started by age eighteen). Attitudes toward smoking has greatly changed over the years - 88% of 8th graders disapprove of smoking. 80% prefer to date non-smokers. As these kids are getting older there are less college students and adults that smoke.dangers of smokeless tobacco:Smokeless tobacco can cause:- Gum disease- Damage to teeth enamel- Loss of teeth- Oral cancer- Cancer to jaw, pharynx and neckView Pg 266 Fig 10.3Questions:Compared to USA are rates of smoking higher or lower in Asia, Eastern Europe and Russia? Rate of men smokers in China?Answers:Countries like Asia, Eastern Europe and Russia have much higher rates of people who smoke than the USA. In China the rate of men that smoke is extremely high (67%). Pg. 269 Fig 10.4 Shows physicians who smoke.Questions:What % of those who try to quit actually managae to? What approaches are used?Many health risks diminish rapidly after one quits. Unfortunately nicotine dependence is very strong and it is therefor very hard to quit (some say as hard as heroin, or even harder). 50% of people who attempt to stop, succeed.List types of approaches used for quitting:- Hypnoses, acupuncture- Behavioral therapy (change the way you view smoking)- Prescription drugs to reduce withdrawal symptoms (many are not good for you, many side effects)- Nicotine substitutesLecture 8 (September 18th ) Fill in Blanks:Know History of tobacco (___1__ were most used first, only by men). Ladies would use __2__. Following attempt to quit there are proven ___3___ deficits (can’t concentrate when trying to quit) due to withdrawal. This is one of the reasons people __4___.1) cigars2)opium/cigarettes3)Cognitive4)RelapseCaffeine: QuestionsWhere did coffee bean plant originate? Name? Where can caffeine be found? It comes fromwhat family? What are the other two components in this family (found in tea and chocolate)?Answers:Coffee bean plant : Coffea Arabica originated in Ethiopia.Found in Coffee and comes from family of Xanthines.Also found in this family is: - Theophylline (found in tea)- Theobromine (found in chocolate)Questions:What is the most used type of beans to make coffee? What does “dark” mean? How do they make decaf and what solution do they use? How much caffeine does cup of coffee have? Tea?