PSYC 3303 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (August 21st)OverviewPoints to Consider for drug usage: Who?What?When and Where?Why?How?How much?- Who? - Who is taking the drug, if teens, adults,what age?- What? – What are they taking. Illicit/OTC- When and where? – Culturally acceptable? (alcohol on a Friday night?)- Why? – Define Instrumental vs Recreational- How? - How is it taken. IV/smoked. Is it important?- How much? INSTRUMENTAL: socially approved, with a goal in mind, not just getting “high”. RECREATIONAL: Use only to get “high” (for it’s psychoactive properties).How it’s taken is not the most important point. E.g. If IV it does not necessarily mean it is bad (sedative).Define:- PSYCHOACTIVE: - ILLICIT:- LICIT: - INSTRUMENTAL: - RECREATIONAL:Answers:1) PSYCHOACTIVE: Drugs that affect feelings, thoughts, perceptions, or behavior.2) ILLICIT: Manufacture, sale, or possession is ILLEGAL3) LICIT: Manufacture, sale or possession LEGAL4) INSTRUMENTAL: Motivation for drug use for specific reason other than getting “high”5) RECREATIONAL: Motivation for drug use is only to get “high”/ some pleasurable effect. (Study figure 1.2 pg. 7)Questions regarding MTF:1. What is MTF? 2. According to the survey, is drug use going up or going down? Why? What is the connection with marijuana use?Answers:1. Monitoring the Future Survey2. GENERAL drug use is going down BUT Marijuana use is going up and it is bringing up overall drug usage percentage.Lecture 2 (August 26th)What is considered a licit drug? What is an illicit drug? Give examples - Licit drugs are legal (e.g. Alcohol). Illicit are illegal (e.g. meth). What is instrumental vs recreational use?- Instrumental: specific motivation of drug usage other than getting “high”- Recreational: motivation of drug use only/specifically to get “high”What is a situation in which a drug is licit AND instrumental? What is a situation in which a drug is illicit and recreational? (pg. 7 figure 1.2)- Licit and instrumental: taking No Doz to stay awake during a long trip- Illicit and Recreational: smoking marijuana to get highWhat percentage of high school seniors takes drugs? Why might it be?- 40%- Could be mostly marijuana useWhat are the areas of concern we have now/today? Has Alcohol consumption increased or decreased? (pg. 15 Figure 1.3)- Increased Inhalants use in younger kids (8th grade).- Still high number of overdoses caused by prescription drugs (Vicodin, narcotics etc.)- Alcohol consumption has decreased (could be because increased awareness)Define risk factors. Give four significant risk factors for drug use? (pg. 20 Table)- Risk Factors: Factors in an individual’s life that increases the likelihood of involvement in drugs.- Four Risk factors: - 1) Children raised around adults who use. 2) Intoxication before age 12. 3) Peer approval. 4) Absence from schoolCh2 Define:- Toxicity- Acute vs Chronic toxicity. Which one is associated with overdose?- ED. Give example- LD. Give exampleToxicity: Physical or psychological harm caused by the drug. Chronic: Harms that come after prolonged exposure (eg. Tobacco). Acute: Immediate harm. What happens right after taking drug, now. Associated with overdose.ED: Effective dose: Minimal dose to produce desired effect of a drug. E.g. (how much you need to take to cause sleep?)LD: Lethal Dose: Minimal dose capable of producing death. (overdose)Fill in the blanks:The ___1___ the dose to cause the desired effect, or ___2____, (eg. Sleeping) the better. The ___3____ the dose needed to produce death, ___4___, the better (eg Marijuana causes virtually no deaths directly, even at a high dose)Answer:1) Lower2) ED3) Higher4) LDLecture 3 (August 28th)What three issues need to be present in order for someone to be defined as addicted? Explain.1. Tolerance Level: There is concern when there is drug use escalation (start using higher and higher doses to get same effect)2. Physical Dependence: Withdrawal. Continue drug use to AVOID consequences of PHYSICAL withdrawal symptoms.3. Psychological Dependence – Craving. Motivated by CRAVING of pleasurable effects. To AVOID FEARED consequences of withdrawal. Cocaine, tobacco are more dangerous for psychological dependence than physical withdrawal. Give examples of drugs that are more dangerous for psychological dependence than for physical? - Cocaine and tobaccoFill in the blank:WANT becomes __1___ the drug.Physical dependence is associated with ____2____ reinforcement; take the drug in order to avoid physical symptoms of withdrawal.Some drugs are associated more with psychological dependence such as cocaine, marijuana andtobacco. This is a form of ____3___ reinforcement, take the drug in order to experience pleasurable feelings it gives.Answers:1. NEED2. Negative3. PositiveDefine and give examples of each:- Pharmacological violence- Economically compulsive violence- Systemic ViolenceAnswers:Pharmacological violence: Violence brought on by the drug. (hit wife after drinking alcohol)Economically compulsive violence: If it stems from costliness of drug-taking behavior (need money to buy drugs)Systemic Violence: Drug distribution. As a way of maintaining control over (drug) “business” (territory, gangs, punishment for defrauding)FAS Questions:What is FAS? How can it be avoided? What is it associated with? How many times higher is it in low SES areas? How many times higher is it in USA compared to Europe? Why could this be?Answers:Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Child is born with problems if mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy. Avoided by eliminating alcoholic consumption during pregnancy. Usually associated with low SES, socioeconomic status. 10 Xs higher in low SES. It is 20Xs higher in USA vs Europe. Could be because of limited access to healthcare and information in low SES. In Europe there is more info and healthcare access available, even in low SES.Neurons Questions:What are Glial, satellite cells? Composed of? What is the connection to MS?Answers:They are support cells. Composed of cell body, dendrites, myelin sheath, axon, synaptic knobs. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) caused by damage to Myelin Sheath (covering Axon). Lecture 4 (September 2nd)Give the function of each:Neuron function: Dendrites: Cell Body: Axon: What does polarized cell do? Retina photoreceptors:Auditory: Answers:Neuron function: Receive, process, and transmit infoDendrites: receive infoCell Body: Integrates all inputs (temporal