PSYC 3303 1nd EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 11-15Lecture 11 (October 2nd)Sedative Hypnotic and Antianxiety DrugsWhat do they do?Calm us down and help us sleep.Barbiturates:What were Barbiturates used for? Where can they be found? What are the categories based on?- Suppression of activity so was also used to treat epilepsy but not anymore, they have specific drugs for epilepsy now.- Found in urine.- Categories based on the duration of the drug action (long/short drug works for. View 13.1 pg 317 on low/high potential abuse)- Historically used to sleep but therapeutic use decreased a lotWhat are some acute effects?What are some of the chronic effects? They are very similar to? What is REM-sleep rebound?Acute effects: - Course of the drug: Normal – relief from anxiety – disinhibition – sedation – sleep – general anesthesia – coma – death. - Suppresses REM sleep. - REM-sleep rebound: quantity of REM sleep increases to make up for lost REM sleep, resulting in disturbed sleep and nightmares (associated with withdrawal of barbiturates).Chronic Effects:- Tolerance- Physical dependence- Psychological dependence- Withdrawal symptoms: usually are the opposite effects of the drug (seizures, overexcitement)Very similar to alcohol.The Nature of Anxiety:What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? What is another name for it? What is phobic Disorder?- Generalized Anxiety Disorder, “free floating anxiety” (don’t know why anxious but always are)- Phobic Disorder: specific fearPhobias: What are some common phobia? Why do we develop them? How is a phobia maintained? What is systematic Desensitization? What are some factors that can contribute to developing phobias?Common phobias: - First Place: Bugs, mice, spiders etc- Second: Heights- Also: water, storms, closed places etc- Simple/social/agoraphobiaEtiology and Conditioning/Learning Phobias- Biological fators- Genetic predisposition (identical twin studies show 35% , fraternal studies show 15% genetic)- GABA circuits- Acquired: Through classical conditioning (pair it with bad experience)/observation (e.g. see brother reacts badly to something, you learn to too)- Maintained: Through operant conditioning (avoid phobia to reduce anxiety). Solution: Systematic Desensitization (work way to extinction of fear. First see picture of phobia, then get close, then do it)Factors:- Cognition Factors: Judgments of perceived threat- Personality Factors: Neuroticism- Stress factors: A precipitatorNonbarbiturates:What was Chloral Hydrate also known as? Why? What is it used for and how long does it take towork?Onset? Advantages?Disadvantages?: - Known as “knockout drops” or “Mickey Finn” (criminals would drug soldiers slipping the drug in drink and would then rob/assault them.- Short onset - Produces sleep within 1-2 hrs- For insomnia- Advantages: Doesn’t produce REM-rebound effect and no hangover- Disadvantage: Irritate stomach and highly reactive to alcoholIs Methaqualone (Quaalude) addictive?Has it a high or low toxic dose? What was it’s substitute?Also known as?:- Thought to be Non-addictive BUT turned out not true- Alternative to Barbiturates- High toxic dose- Eventually benzodiazepines substituted it- Known as the “date-rape” drugBenzodiazepines:What was the antecedent/first antianxiety drug before Benzodiazepines? Why were Benzodiazepines revolutionary? What is an example of a Benzodiazepine drug? Also known as?- Meprobamate- DO NOT confuse with BARBITURATES (Barb have sedation effects)- Revolutionary because they are drugs that decrease anxiety WITHOUT major sedative effects.- View table 13.3 pg 321 (also classified for duration)- E.g. Valium from diazepam- “tranquillizers”Lecture 12 (October 7th) Fill in The Blanks:Anti-anxiety cont. Cross-tolerance vs Cross-dependenceCross-Tolerance: tolerance that results from ___1___ use of one drug induces___2___ for another drug that has not been used before.Cross-dependence: When one drug can ___3___ withdrawal symptoms following ___4____ of another (substitute).E.g. Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines – molecular structure different but common _______5______1)Chronic2)Tolerance3)Reduce4)Discontinuation5) mechanism of actionHow do benzodiazepines and barbiturates work with the neurotransmitters?When benzodiazepines and barbiturates bind to receptors, they enhance the normally inhibitory effect of GABA (main inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS).Major Stimulants: CocaineA. Basic Pharmacology (view Fig 4.1 pg 97):Where does cocaine come from? How do we get cocaine paste, Cocaine Hydrochloride and howare these types of cocaine used? What is the concentration? What is sensitization? What are “speedballs”?Come from cocoa leaves: - mixed with substance = cocaine paste (moderate concentration)- Processing = Cocaine Hydrochloride (injected/snorted, high concentration)- Hydrochloride removed = free-base, crack (smokable, high concentration)- Sensitization may occur (body gets used to the drug).- When sensitization occurs people may try “speedballs” (combination of cocaine and heroin.Where is it made?What route does it take to get to New York? Why can we not simply cut the supply? Why are adulterines added?- Made in Colombia and Peru’ then transported to Texas up to New York. The closer to thebeginning location the purer it is. Adulterines (can be very dangerous) are added to cocaine on the journey to north to make it more.- If try and cut supply –cost increase leads to increase in crime/people will switch to heroin (no simple solution)What are cocaine’s mechanisms of action? What neurotransmitters are involved?Blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.What so some cultures use it for? Where in the body does it metabolize? What is it’s hal-life? - Some cultures will chew or suck on cocaine leaves to decrease altitude sickness (if used this way – slow absorption and low blood levels)- Metabolized by enzymes in blood and liver.- Half life is approx. 1 hr (very short)What is a medical use of cocaine? How would you distinguish if cocaine or heroine?- Local anesthesia. To know if cocaine or heroin: try on tongue, if it becomes numb it is cocaine, if bitter it is heroin. What are some acute toxicity concerns? Chronic toxicity concerns? Why does it have such a highdependency potential?:Acute:- CNS stimulation – convulsions – respiratory and cardiac arrest-